Acute Effects of Breakfast Fruits Meal Sequence and Postprandial Exercise on the Blood Glucose Level and DPP4 Activity among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Pilot Study

Table 1

Basic characteristics of research participants from four different groups.

Characteristics	FL (n = 10)^¥	FF (n = 8)^¥	FL + PE (n = 9)	FF + PE (n = 9)	value
Age (years)	53.50 ± 7.28	55.88 ± 4.19	54.11 ± 6.07	55.56 ± 3.54	ns^θ
Duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus (years)	4.65 ± 3.48	7.31 ± 3.43	3.39 ± 3.71	5.56 ± 3.60	ns^£
Sex
Male	1 (10.00%)	1 (12.50%)	1 (11.11%)	1 (11.11%)	ns^γ
Female	9 (90.00%)	7 (87.50%)	8 (88.89%)	8 (88.89%)
Anthropometrics; Height (cm); Weight (kg); Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m^2); BMI categories; Normal weight; Overweight; Obese	153.13 ± 7.21; 62.99 ± 9.17; 26.79 ± 2.73; 2 (20.00%); 7 (70.00%); 1 (10.00%)	152.14 ± 5.17; 58.74 ± 15.79; 25.16 ± 5.64; 4 (50.00%); 2 (25.00%); 2 (25.00%)	149.83 ± 3.86; 58.03 ± 8.27; 25.88 ± 3.77; 3 (33.33%); 5 (55.56%); 1 (11.11%)	155.32 ± 8.49; 66.60 ± 14.57; 27.34 ± 3.61; 2 (22.22%); 5 (55.56%); 2 (22.22%)	ns^θ; ns^£; ns^£; ns^γ
2 h PPG (mg/dL)	316.90 ± 154.60	316.50 ± 125.05	307.33 ± 150.46	267.67 ± 87.89	ns^θ

2 h PPG, 2 h postprandial glucose. ^¥Parts of this table are in accordance with and with permission from our previous studies [17, 18]. ^θstatistical differences were performed by one-way anova. The ^£Kruskall–Wallis test was used to determine the statistical significances, ^γstatistics were conducted by using Fischer exact test.