Prevalence and Predictive Factors of Early Degeneration of Bioprosthetic Mitral Valves: A Single-Center Cohort Study

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of the study population and comparison between patients with and without bioprosthetic mitral valve early degeneration.

Characteristics	Total (n = 177)	Normal (n = 138)	Degeneration (n = 39)	value
Age, years	63.9 ± 11.7	63.0 ± 12.6	66.8 ± 7.0	0.08
Male gender, n (%)	77 (43.5)	57 (41.3)	20 (51.3)	0.27
Body surface area, m^2	1.70 ± 0.18	1.70 ± 0.18	1.70 ± 0.17	0.96
BMI, kg/m^2	25.9 ± 4.7	25.8 ± 4.6	26.2 ± 5.2	0.64
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	32 (18.0)	26 (18.8)	6 (15.4)	0.62
Hypertension, n (%)	69 (39.1)	52 (37.7)	17 (43.6)	0.50
Dyslipidemia, n (%)	48 (27.1)	38 (27.5)	10 (25.6)	0.81
Smoking, n (%)				0.51
Current	15 (8.5)	10 (7.2)	5 (12.8)
Former	18 (10.2)	14 (10.1)	4 (10.3)
Opium, n (%)				0.87
Current	9 (5.1)	8 (5.8)	1 (2.6)
Former	4 (2.3)	3 (2.2)	1 (2.6)
History of CVA, n (%)	22 (12.4)	12 (8.7)	10 (25.6)	0.01
History of MI, n (%)	21 (11.9)	17 (12.3)	4 (10.3)	0.73
Renal failure, n (%)	5 (2.8)	2 (1.4)	3 (7.7)	0.07
Previous MVR	10 (5.6)	6 (4.3)	4 (10.3)	0.23
COPD, n (%)	15 (8.5)	12 (8.7)	3 (7.7)	0.84
CAD, n (%)				0.36
None	52 (29.4)	40 (29.0)	12 (30.8)
Minimal	27 (15.3)	19 (13.8)	8 (20.5)
Single vessel	28 (15.8)	24 (17.4)	4 (10.3)
Double vessel	17 (9.6)	12 (8.7)	5 (12.8)
Triple vessel	24 (13.6)	17 (12.3)	7 (17.9)
Atrial fibrillation, n (%)	76 (42.9)	57 (41.3)	19 (48.7)	0.41
EF, %	46.7 ± 9.6	47.1 ± 9.4	46.2 ± 10.2	0.51
Mitral insufficiency, n (%)				0.20
None	5 (2.8)	5 (3.6)	0 (0)
Trivial	3 (1.7)	2 (1.4)	1 (2.6)
Mild	18 (10.2)	17 (12.3)	1 (2.6)
Moderate	39 (22.0)	29 (21.0)	10 (25.6)
Severe	106 (59.9)	79 (57.2)	27 (69.2)
Mitral stenosis, n (%)				0.13
None	82 (46.3)	62 (44.9)	20 (51.3)
Mild	7 (4.0)	5 (3.6)	2 (5.1)
Moderate	18 (10.2)	11 (8.0)	7 (17.9)
Severe	62 (35.0)	52 (37.7)	10 (25.6)
Diastolic dysfunction, n (%)	8 (4.5)	5 (3.6)	3 (7.7)	0.38
LVH, n (%)	49 (28.8)	38 (29.0)	11 (28.2)	0.92
Serum creatinine, mg/dl	0.99 ± 0.49	0.98 ± 0.51	1.02 ± 0.39	0.67
FBS, mg/dl	98.2 ± 24.3	98.7 ± 26.5	96.4 ± 13.8	0.54
Hemoglobin, g/dl	13.3 [12.1, 14.4]	13.5 [12.4, 14.6]	12.7 [11.5, 14.0]	0.01
Preoperative anticoagulants, n (%)	61 (34.5)	43 (31.2)	18 (46.2)	0.08
Aspirin, n (%)	86 (48.6)	63 (45.7)	23 (59.0)	0.14
Preoperative status, n (%)				0.40
Elective surgery	165 (93.2)	130 (94.2)	35 (89.7)
STEMI	7 (4.0)	5 (3.6)	2 (5.1)
NSTEMI	5 (2.8)	3 (2.2)	2 (5.1)

was considered statistically significant. BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVA: cerebrovascular accident; EF: ejection fraction; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy; MI: myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.