Prevalence and Predictive Factors of Early Degeneration of Bioprosthetic Mitral Valves: A Single-Center Cohort Study
Table 4
Follow-up echocardiographic characteristics of the study population and comparison between patients with and without bioprosthetic mitral valve early degeneration.
Follow-up echo characteristic
Total (n = 177)
Normal (n = 138)
Degeneration (n = 39)
value
Years between surgery and last echo, year
2.1 ± 0.7
2.1 ± 1.7
2.2 ± 0.8
0.55
Patient-prosthesis mismatch, n (%)
77 (43.5)
58 (43.3)
19 (48.7)
0.55
Mitral valve peak gradient
11.9 ± 3.8
11.5 ± 3.5
13.2 ± 4.5
0.01
Mitral valve mean gradient
5.1 ± 1.7
4.78 ± 1.50
6.38 ± 1.80
0.01
Paravalvular leak, n (%)
0.03
None
170 (96.0)
135 (97.8)
35 (89.7)
Trivial
2 (1.1)
2 (1.4)
0 (0)
Mild
2 (1.1)
1 (0.7)
1 (2.6)
Mild to moderate
1 (0.6)
0 (0)
1 (2.6)
Moderate
1 (0.6)
0 (0)
1 (2.6)
Severe
1 (0.6)
0 (0)
1 (2.6)
Transvalvular mitral regurgitation, n (%)
0.01
None
64 (35.6)
53 (38.4)
10 (25.6)
Trivial
24 (13.6)
20 (14.5)
4 (10.3)
Mild
74 (41.8)
65 (47.1)
10 (25.6)
Mild to moderate
9 (5.1)
0 (0)
9 (23.1)
Moderate
3 (1.7)
0 (0)
3 (7.7)
Moderate to severe
2 (1.1)
0 (0)
2 (5.1)
Severe
1 (0.6)
0 (0)
1 (2.6)
PAP
33.8 ± 10.5
33.2 ± 10.6
35.2 ± 9.9
0.33
LVES dimension, mm
35.2 ± 7.4
34.4 ± 7.2
37.7 ± 7.4
0.01
LVED dimension, mm
50.1 ± 6.5
49.4 ± 6.3
52.6 ± 6.6
0.01
Left atrial size
47.3 ± 8.5
46.5 ± 8.0
50.4 ± 9.7
0.01
Mitral valve area index
1.19 ± 0.25
1.19 ± 0.25
1.20 ± 0.22
0.78
Effective orifice area
2.13 ± 1.61
2.17 ± 1.84
2.01 ± 0.34
0.62
Last peak e velocity
1.59 ± 0.31
1.57 ± 0.32
1.66 ± 0.26
0.25
PHT
100.6 ± 36.9
96.6 ± 31.3
114.4 ± 49.8
0.05
Doppler velocity index
2.19 ± 0.61
2.10 ± 0.44
2.49 ± 0.93
0.02
Right ventricular dysfunction, n (%)
0.44
None
25 (14.1)
21 (15.2)
4 (10.3)
Mild
109 (61.6)
81 (58.7)
28 (71.8)
Moderate
40 (22.6)
33 (23.9)
7 (17.9)
Severe
3 (1.7)
3 (2.2)
0 (0)
Left atrial dilation, n (%)
0.07
None
18 (10.2)
17 (12.3)
1 (2.6)
Mild
55 (3.1.1)
45 (32.6)
10 (25.6)
Moderate
49 (27.7)
39 (28.3)
10 (25.6)
Severe
55 (31.1)
37 (26.8)
18 (46.2)
was considered statistically significant. LVED: left ventricular end-diastolic; LVES: left ventricular end-systolic; PAP: pulmonary arterial pressure; PHT: pressure half-time.
