Thoracoscopic Surgical Biatrial Ablation vs. Catheter Ablation in Patients with Persistent Atrial Fibrillation

Figure 2

Intraoperative endoscopic view of the thoracoscopic surgical ablation procedure. (a) Epicardial left-sided left atrial posterior wall ablation by bipolar clamp through transverse sinus and oblique sinus. (b) RAA line from the apex to the base at the level of the root of the aorta, and the arrow referred to the line connecting the tip of the RAA to SVC-IVC line. IVC, inferior vena cave; RAA, right atrial appendage; SVC, superior vena cava.

(a)

(b)