Impact of COVID-19 in the Age of Computer-Assisted Surgery: Cost and Effectiveness Comparison between Robotic and Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Surgery in a Single-Center Experience

Table 2

Outcomes of the matched population according to the type of surgery for both the overall RMVS and MIMVS populations and the matched ones: clinical outcomes (a) and costs in euro (b).

(a)	RMVS (N  = 118)	MIMVS (N  = 233)	-value	Matched RMVS (N  = 80)	Matched MIMVS (N  = 80)	value
CPB time (minutes)	165 [148.2, 183]	136 [122, 158]	<0.01	163 [148, 182]	140 [123, 158]	<0.01
Clamp time (minutes)	91 [82.5, 105]	98.5 [86; 116]	0.019	89 [80, 102]	100 [86, 117]	<0.01
Operative time (minutes)	260 [230, 295]	235 [215, 260]	<0.01	255 [228, 285]	235 [210, 263]	<0.01
Transfused, n (%)	35 (29)	80 (32)	0.34	17 (21)	12 (15)	0.41
Postoperative intubation time (hours)	3 [0, 5]	8 [5, 13]	<0.01	2 [0, 4]	6 [4, 12]	<0.01
Revision for bleeding, n (%)	4 (3)	3 (4)	0.23	3 (4)	1 (1)	0.62
ICU length of stay (hours)	40 [20, 44]	45 [43, 88]	<0.01	32 [20, 43]	45 [42, 68]	<0.01
Hospital length of stay (days)	10 [9, 12]	11 [10, 15]	<0.01	10 [9, 12]	11 [10, 14]	<0.01
In-hospital death, n (%)	—	—	—	—	—	—
Discharge at home, n (%)	110 (92)	114 (46)	<0.01	72 (90)	50 (63)	<0.01
(b)	RMVS (N  = 118)	MIMVS (N  = 233)	-value	Matched RMVS (N  = 80)	Matched MIMVS (N  = 80)	value
Cost of total hospital stay	7874 [6550, 9527]	10433 [8819, 12744]	<0.01	7612 [6568, 9147]	9695 [8780, 11659]	<0.01
Cost of ICU stay	2812 [1389, 3038]	3159 [2986, 6128]	<0.01	2187 [1389, 2934]	3125 [2916, 4687]	<0.01
Cost of general ward stay	4730 [4257, 5676]	5203 [4730, 7095]	<0.01	4730 [4257, 5676]	5203 [4730, 6622]	<0.01
Cost for total in hospital healthcare services	3257 [2371, 4050]	4159 [3896, 6790]	<0.01	2654 [2303, 3892]	4073 [3772, 5771]	<0.01
Angiography	632 [0, 632]	632 [632, 632]	<0.01	632 [0, 632]	632 [632, 632]	0.09
Chest radiography	93 [77, 108]	93 [62, 108]	0.40	85 [77, 108]	77 [62, 92]	0.18
CT-scan	124 [124, 124]	124 [124, 124]	<0.01	124 [124, 124]	124 [124, 124]	0.03
Echocardiography	102 [102, 102]	102 [102, 102]	<0.01	102 [102, 102]	102 [102, 102]	<0.01
Carotid ultrasonography	44 [44, 44]	44 [44, 44]	<0.01	44 [44, 44]	44 [44, 44]	0.05