Factors Influencing Pain Scores and Opioid Demand after Robotically Assisted Cardiac Surgery

Table 1

Preoperative patient characteristics.

Age (mean)	62.1 (SD 10.1)
Gender = male, n (%)	53/75 (71%)
Height, cm (mean)	174 (SD 9.8)
Weight, kg (mean)	82 + 18.1
Body mass index (mean)	27 + 4.6
Hypertension, n (%)	54/75 (72%)
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	14/75 (19%)
New York Heart Association Stage, n (%)
1	23/75 (31%)
2	27/75 (36%)
3	19/75 (25%)
4	6/75 (8%)
Smoking history, n (%)
Never smoker	43 (57%)
Current smoker	10 (13%)
Former smoker	22 (29%)
COPD, n (%)	14/75 (81%)
FEV1, % (mean)	101.3% (SD 15.3)
DLCO, % (mean)	99.1% (SD 19.3)
Obstructive sleep apnea, n (%)	13/75 (17%)
Bronchodilator use, n (%)	7/75 (9.3%)
Preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction, % (mean)	57.8 ± 9.1%
Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)	7/75 (9.3%)
Peripheral vascular disease, n (%)	0/75 (0%)
Liver dysfunction (any), n (%)	1/75 (1.3%)
Preoperative dialysis need, n (%)	1/75 (1.3%)