Factors Influencing Pain Scores and Opioid Demand after Robotically Assisted Cardiac Surgery

Table 3

Univariate correlation of preoperative patient characteristics with pain scores and opioid demand on postoperative day 1.

Variable	Correlation mean pain score	value	Correlation mean OME demand	value
Age	−0.027	0.818	−0.383	<0.001
Height	0.069	0.557	0.216	0.062
Weight	0.147	0.210	0.246	0.033
Body mass index	0.14	0.230	0.178	0.126
Hemoglobin A1c	0.25	0.031	−1.21	0.30
Preoperative creatinine	−0.118	0.315	0.049	0.679
FEV1% of predicted	−0.158	0.175	−0.007	0.952
DLCO% of predicted	−0.80	0.497	−0.004	0.972
STS risk of mortality	0.02	0.865	−0.146	0.211
Left ventricular ejection fraction	−0.13	0.28	0.004	0.97
	Mean pain score	value	Mean OME demand	value
Gender		0.487		0.060
Male	5.8 (SD 1.5)		38.8 (SD 32.5)
Female	5.6 (SD 1.5)		25.3 (SD 15)
Diabetes		0.005		0.706
No	5.5 (SD 1.3)		34.3 (SD 28.6)
Yes	6.7 (SD 1.8)		37.6 (SD 31.7)
Hypertension		0.883		0.319
No	5.8 (SD 1.3)		40.3 (SD 32.7)
Yes	5.6 (SD 1.4)		32.8 (SD 25.4)
Smoking history		0.006		0.010
Never smoker	5.3 (SD 1.4)		28.3 (SD 22.3)
Former smoker	6.2 (SD 1.1)		29.3 (SD 22.7)
Current smoker	6.5 (SD 1.5)		50.3 (SD 37.5)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease		0.178		0.092
No	5.8 (SD 1.5)		37.6 (SD 30.1)
Yes	5.3 (SD 1.6)		23.1 (SD 20.6)
Cerebrovascular disease		0.085		0.371
No	5.6 (SD 1.3)		34.1 (SD 27.5)
Yes	6.6 (SD 2.6)		44.6 (SD 44.1)
New York Heart Failure Symptoms		0.140		0.301
I	5.2 (SD 1.6)		29.9 (SD 19.6)
II	5.9 (SD 1.5)		39.8 (SD 35.2)
III	5.8 (SD 1.3)		29.2 (SD 28.7)
IV	6.7 (SD 0.8)		49.5 (SD 27.2)