|
| Study | Country | Language | Type of operation | Age (years) | Participants (n) | Timing of the nerve block | Level | Intervention | Postoperative analgesia | Outcomes |
| TTMP group | Control group | TTMP group | Control group |
| Type and dose | Type and dose |
|
| Fujii 2019 | Japan | English | CABG
AVR
MVR | 18–90 | 9 | 8 | End of the surgery | T4-T5 | 0.3% or 0.5% ropivacaine 20 ml | No block | Hydromorphone, acetaminophen (iv, rescue) | ①②③④⑦ |
| Aydin 2020 | Turkey | English | CABG
AVR
MVR | 18–65 | 24 | 24 | After anesthesia induction | T4-T5 | 0.25% bupivacaine 20 ml | Sham block normal saline | Paracetamol (1 g/6 h), fentanyl (PCIA) | ①②③④⑤⑦ |
| Shokri 2021 | Egypt | English | CABG
AVR
MVR | 55–74 | 30 | 30 | After anesthesia induction | T4-T5 | 0.25% bupivacaine 15 ml | Sham block normal saline | Acetaminophen (1 g/6 h), morphine (iv) | ①②③④⑤ |
| Zhang 2021 | China | English | Median open‐heart surgery | 18–70 | 30 | 30 | After anesthesia induction | T4-T5 | 0.4% ropivacaine 20 ml | Sham block normal saline | Flurbiprofen axetil (50 mg/6 h), sufentanil (PCIA) | ①④⑤⑥⑦ |
| Ye 2020 | China | Chinese | OPCABG | 45–77 | 30 | 30 | Before anesthesia induction | T3-T4 | 0.3% ropivacaine 15 ml | No block | Sufentanil (PCIA) | ②④⑤ |
| Zhang 2020 | China | Chinese | AVR MVR | 18–60 | 30 | 30 | Before anesthesia induction | T4-T5 | 0.25% ropivacaine 20 ml | No block | Flurbiprofen axetil (50 mg/8 h), sufentanil (PCIA) | ①④⑤⑦⑧ |
| Wang 2020 | China | Chinese | OPCABG | 50–63 | 30 | 30 | Before anesthesia induction | T3-T4 | 0.375% ropivacaine +05% lidocaine 20 ml | Sham block normal saline | Oxycodone (iv, rescue), sufentanil (PCIA) | ①⑤⑥⑦⑧ |
| Zhao 2021 | China | Chinese | CABG | 50–75 | 20 | 20 | After anesthesia induction | T4-T5 | 0.375% ropivacaine 20 ml | No block | Dezocine (iv, rescue), sufentanil (PCIA) | ①②④⑤⑦ |
| Tao 2021 | China | Chinese | AVR
MVR | 35–65 | 20 | 20 | Before anesthesia induction | T4-T5 | 0.25% ropivacaine 20 ml | No block | Flurbiprofen + sufentanil (PCIA) | ①②④⑤ |
| Zhang 2023 | China | Chinese | AVR
MVR
AVR + MVR | Over 65 years old | 29 | 29 | Before anesthesia induction | T4-T5 | 0.25% ropivacaine 20 ml | No block | Hydromorphone + tromethamine (PCIA) | ②④⑤⑧ |
| Hamed 2022 | Egypt | English | AVR
MVR | Over 18 years old | 35 | 35 | End of the surgery | T4-T5 | 0.25% bupivacaine 20 ml | Sham block normal saline | Paracetamol (1 g/6 h) fentanyl (PCIA) | ①②③④⑤⑦ |
| Chen 2023 | China | English | AVR
MVR
AVR + MVR | Over 65 years old | 52 | 51 | After anesthesia induction | T4-T5 | 0.30% ropivacaine 20 mL | Sham block normal saline | Flurbiprofen axetil (50 mg/6 h), sufentanil (PCIA) | ①②④⑤⑥⑦⑧ |
| Vilvanathan 2020 | India | English | CABG | 50–70 | 45 | 45 | After anesthesia induction | T2–T6 | 0.5% bupivacaine 1.5 ml/point | No block | Tramadol (iv, rescue) | ②④⑤⑦ |
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