Effect of Nurses’ Professionalism, Work Environment, and Communication with Health Professionals on Patient Safety Culture (AHRQ 2.0.): A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study
Table 1
Demographic and work-related characteristics of participants and differences in patient safety culture by demographic and work-related characteristics (N = 271).
Variables
Categories
Frequency (%)
Mean ± SD
Patient safety culture
Mean ± SD
t or F(p) Scheffe
Sex
Male
6 (2.2)
3.58 ± 0.58
0.847 (0.398)
Female
265 (97.8)
3.41 ± 0.47
Age (years)
20–29
81 (29.9)
35.19 ± 7.32
3.46 ± 0.42
3.307 (0.058)
30–39
118 (43.5)
3.34 ± 0.46
≥40
72 (26.6)
3.50 ± 0.54
Education
Associate degree
14 (5.2)
3.23 ± 0.55
2.645 (0.050)
Baccalaureate
176 (64.9)
3.39 ± 0.42
Master’s degree or higher
81 (29.9)
3.51 ± 0.55
Total years of clinical experience
1∼5
67 (24.7)
12.08 ± 7.67
3.47 ± 0.52
1.024 (0.361)
5∼10
44 (16.2)
3.34 ± 0.53
≥10
160 (59.0)
3.42 ± 0.47
Number of years of clinical experience in the current department
<1
24 (8.8)
5.74 ± 5.23
3.42 ± 0.54
0.506 (0.604)
1∼3
79 (29.2)
3.43 ± 0.49
3∼5
60 (22.1)
3.37 ± 0.51
≥5
108 (39.9)
3.44 ± 0.44
Work unit
Medical and surgical
139 (51.3)
3.47 ± 0.46
1.721 (0.146)
Intensive care
34 (12.5)
3.33 ± 0.47
Operating room
12 (4.4)
3.20 ± 0.43
Outpatient
51 (18.8)
3.35 ± 0.53
Others
35 (12.9)
3.48 ± 0.42
Job position
Staff RNa
191 (70.5)
3.37 ± 0.41
7.011 (<0.001)a<c<b
Charge nurse or higherb
28 (10.3)
3.57 ± 0.54
Others (CNS, coordinator, etc.)c
52 (19.2)
3.49 ± 0.47
Type of duty
Shift worker
160 (59.0)
3.37 ± 0.45
−1.946 (0.053)
Nonshift worker
111 (41.0)
3.48 ± 0.51
Attended patient safety-related education
Yes
267 (98.5)
3.42 ± 0.47
2.021 (0.041)
No
4 (1.5)
2.94 ± 0.41
Patient safety incident experience
Yes
247 (91.1)
3.43 ± 0.48
1.115 (0.265)
No
24 (8.9)
3.31 ± 0.40
Types of patient safety incident experience
Direct
146 (53.9)
3.44 ± 0.47
0.432 (0.666)
Indirect
101 (37.3)
3.41 ± 0.50
Classification of patient safety incident
Near miss
161 (59.4)
3.43 ± 0.48
0.679 (0.566)
Adverse event
75 (27.7)
3.44 ± 0.48
Sentinel event
11 (8.9)
3.31 ± 0.54
Mann–Whitney U test. RN = registered nurse; CNS = clinical nurse specialist. Superscripts a,b, and c in job position are Scheffe test contents and are marked in the categories.
