Status and Influencing Factors of Nurses’ Perception of Toxic Leadership Behavior: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 2
Relationship between nurse characteristics and toxic leadership behavior (n = 455).
Characteristics
N (%)
M (p25, p75)
z/H
Gendera
Male
32 (7.03)
91.00 (76.00, 112.25)
−3.025
0.002
Female
423 (92.97)
110.00 (88.00, 123.00)
Ageb
<25
53 (11.65)
107.00 (82.50, 119.50)
6.111
0.191
25∼
103 (22.64)
107.00 (88.00, 120.00)
30∼
140 (30.76)
112.00 (94.25, 126.00)
35∼
105 (23.08)
109.00 (85.00, 121.50)
≥40
54 (11.87)
106.50 (81.75, 119.75)
Marital statusb
Married
318 (69.89)
109.50 (89.00, 123.00)
1.221
0.543
Unmarried
130 (28.57)
109.00 (84.00, 120.00)
Other①
7 (1.54)
111.00 (105.00, 135.00)
Educationb
College degree or below
21 (4.62)
113.00 (87.00, 127.00)
12.710
0.002
Bachelor’s degree
420 (92.30)
110.00 (88.25, 123.00)
Master’s degree or above
14 (3.08)
81.00 (75.50, 85.25)
Family locationa
Local
201 (44.18)
111.00 (86.00, 123.50)
−0.351
0.725
Nonlocal
254 (55.82)
108.00 (88.75, 122.25)
Years of experienceb
<5
112 (24.62)
107.00 (84.00, 119.00)
13.387
0.010
5∼
110 (24.18)
112.50 (96.00, 125.25)
10∼
108 (23.73)
110.00 (91.00, 124.00)
15∼
85 (18.68)
113.00 (85.00, 125.00)
≥20
40 (8.79)
102.00 (76.25, 115.75)
Departmentb
Internal medicine
110 (24.18)
109.00 (86.75, 119.00)
36.178
<0.001
Surgery
108 (23.74)
107.00 (84.50, 118.75)
Obstetrics and gynecology
55 (12.09)
101.00 (79.00, 120.00)
Pediatrics
50 (10.99)
121.00 (108.00, 134.00)
Operating room
67 (14.73)
107.00 (82.00, 125.00)
Intensive care medicine
38 (8.35)
119.50 (107.00, 133.25)
Other②
27 (5.92)
106.00 (89.00, 112.00)
Hospital gradea
Secondary hospital
189 (41.54)
108.00 (86.00, 120.50)
−1.102
0.270
Tertiary hospital
266 (58.46)
110.00 (88.00, 124.25)
Employment modeb
Labor dispatch
37 (8.13)
122.00 (85.25, 136.75)
48.236
<0.001
Contract system
340 (74.73)
112.00 (94.00, 124.00)
Personnel agency
40 (8.79)
80.00 (59.50, 108.50)
Formal establishment
38 (8.35)
99.50 (81.00, 114.75)
Technical titleb
Junior nurse
76 (16.70)
107.00 (85.50, 116.00)
5.825
0.120
Junior nurse practitioner
193 (42.42)
111.00 (88.50, 125.00)
Supervising nurse practitioner
179 (39.34)
111.00 (84.00, 124.00)
Associate chief nurse practitioner
7 (1.54)
106.00 (104.00, 108.00)
Night shift frequency (month)b
0
55 (12.09)
84.00 (69.00, 106.00)
120.939
<0.001
1∼
96 (21.10)
88.00 (73.50, 107.00)
5∼
279 (61.32)
117.00 (103.00, 128.00)
≥9
25 (5.49)
112.00 (107.50, 118.00)
Monthly incomeb
<5000
47 (10.33)
109.00 (87.00, 125.00)
6.026
0.110
5000∼
139 (30.55)
110.00 (89.00, 122.00)
10000∼
183 (40.22)
111.00 (92.00, 125.00)
≥15000
86 (18.90)
102.50 (81.00, 116.50)
aMann–Whitney U test. bKruskal–Wallis H test. < 0.01. < 0.001. ①Divorced or widowed. ②Including outpatient department, interventional radiology, general medicine, rheumatology, dermatology, and traditional Chinese medicine.
