Effectiveness of a Haemorrhage-Control Task Simulator for Training Nursing Students: A Quasi-Experimental before-after Study

Table 1

Simulation training session of bleeding control.

PRE	Prebriefing	Simulation		Debriefing	POST
		HFS components	Simulated scenario		IPA	3M
Knowledge questionnaire (SBEAT)	Military nurses provide 90-minute specialised training based on the first-care provider model	Modality (exsanguinating haemorrhage simulator); Fidelity (realism through simulation equipment, setting, and scenario)	Haemorrhage-control task simulator integrated into a traumatic multiple-incident scenario (including an exsanguinating haemorrhage)	Plus-delta approach using double-barrelled questioning (problem-solving and critical thinking through informed learner self-assessment, and managing perception mismatches)	Knowledge questionnaire (SBEAT); Self-efficacy questionnaire (5-point Likert scale)	Knowledge questionnaire (SBEAT)
Self-efficacy questionnaire (5-point Likert scale)			Standardised emergency equipment (including tourniquet)			Self-efficacy questionnaire (5-point Likert scale)
Practical skills (time, exsanguinated volume)			Practical skills (time, exsanguinated volume)			Practical skills (time, exsanguinated volume)

3M: 3-month assessment; HFS: high-fidelity simulation; IPA: postassessment; PRE: preassessment; POST: postassessment; SBEAT: Bleed Education Assessment Tool.