The Influence of Authentic Leadership Perception on Clinical Nurses’ Voice Behaviour and the Mediating Effect of Conscientiousness

Table 1

Participants’ basic characteristics and differences in authentic leadership, conscientiousness, and voice behaviour (n = 679).

Variables	No. (%)	Authentic leadership		Conscientiousness		Voice behaviour
		Mean (SD)	t/F	Mean (SD)	t/F	Mean (SD)	t/F
Gender^ǂ			−2.015		−1.365		0.552
Male	111 (16.3)	3.87 ± 0.92		3.82 ± 0.57		3.89 ± 0.82
Female	568 (84.7)	4.06 ± 0.74		3.89 ± 0.53		3.84 ± 0.76
Age (years)^†			3.245		5.426		4.164
<30	200 (29.5)	4.06 ± 0.76		3.78 ± 0.54		3.73 ± 0.72
30–39	304 (44.8)	4.08 ± 0.79		3.94 ± 0.53		3.93 ± 0.79
≥40	175 (25.7)	3.90 ± 0.74		3.90 ± 0.53		3.86 ± 0.76
Marital status^†			0.476		0.655		0.198
Single	174 (25.6)	4.06 ± 0.79		3.85 ± 0.52		3.82 ± 0.75
Married	492 (72.5)	4.02 ± 0.77		3.89 ± 0.55		3.86 ± 0.76
Others^a	13 (1.9)	4.18 ± 0.81		3.98 ± 0.47		3.80 ± 1.03
Education^†			4.880		1.628		3.030
≤Associate’s degree	165 (24.3)	4.13 ± 0.78		3.94 ± 0.55		3.95 ± 0.75
Bachelor’s degree	473 (69.7)	4.02 ± 0.76		3.86 ± 0.53		3.83 ± 0.77
≥Master’s degree	41 (6.0)	3.71 ± 0.82		3.84 ± 0.58		3.65 ± 0.74
Hiring method^†			1.866		4.559		5.481
Officially budgeted posts	216 (31.8)	3.96 ± 0.81		3.97 ± 0.56		3.98 ± 0.73
Human resource agent	79 (11.6)	3.97 ± 0.78		3.88 ± 0.50		3.70 ± 0.77
Independent contractor	384 (56.6)	4.08 ± 0.75		3.83 ± 0.53		3.81 ± 0.78
Nursing tenure (years)^†			2.895		3.348		5.019
≤5	214 (31.5)	4.11 ± 0.74		3.83 ± 0.54		3.83 ± 0.76
6–10	171 (25.2)	4.00 ± 0.79		3.86 ± 0.54		3.87 ± 0.70
11–15	160 (23.6)	3.91 ± 0.78		3.85 ± 0.52		3.72 ± 0.81
≥15	134 (19.7)	4.12 ± 0.76		4.01 ± 0.53		4.05 ± 0.76
Monthly income (¥)^†			4.310		1.619		2.907
≤3000	38 (5.6)	3.85 ± 0.77		3.91 ± 0.53		3.65 ± 0.77
3001–6000	270 (39.8)	3.96 ± 0.84		3.92 ± 0.53		3.82 ± 0.77
6001–10000	304 (44.7)	4.13 ± 0.69		3.86 ± 0.55		3.92 ± 0.77
≥10000	67 (9.9)	4.19 ± 0.71				3.98 ± 0.61

^aOthers: divorced and widowed. ^ǂt-test for the independent group. ^†One-way analysis of variance. ; .