Increased Risk of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy among Patients with Nonorganic Sleep Disturbance

Table 2

Incidence and risk for CSC and associated comorbidities.

	Event no.	Person per years	Rate^§	Crude HR^§ (95% CI)	Adjusted HR^§ (95% CI)
NOSD
No	281	1,512,968	1.86	1.00	1.00
Yes	144	464,176	3.10	1.71 (1.40–2.09)	1.65 (1.34–2.02)
Sex
Women	176	1,256,555	1.40	1.00	1.00
Men	249	720,590	3.46	2.47 (2.04–3.00)	2.51 (2.07–3.05)
Age (years)
20–29	86	461,051	1.87	1.00	—
30–39	155	689,607	2.25	1.21 (0.93–1.58)	—
40–50	184	826,487	2.23	1.20 (0.93–1.55)	—
Comorbidity
Hypertension
No	387	1,849,898	2.09	1.00	1.00
Yes	38	127,246	2.99	1.44 (1.03–2.01)	1.08 (0.76–1.54)
Diabetes
No	410	1,928,583	2.13	1.00	—
Yes	15	48,562	3.09	1.45 (0.87–2.43)	—
Hyperlipidemia
No	386	1,866,904	2.07	1.00	1.00
Yes	39	110,241	3.54	1.72 (1.24–2.39)	1.34 (0.94–1.90)
Depression
No	414	1,938,883	2.14	1.00	—
Yes	11	38,262	2.87	1.35 (0.74–2.46)	—
Anxiety
No	401	1,897,576	2.11	1.00	—
Yes	24	79,568	3.02	1.43 (0.95–2.16)	—
Alcohol-related disease
No	416	1,950,593	2.13	1.00	—
Yes	9	26,552	3.39	1.57 (0.81–3.04)	—
Smoking-related disease
No	349	1,664,185	2.10	1.00	—
Yes	76	312,959	2.43	1.16 (0.91–1.49)	—
Obesity
No	421	1961556	2.15	1.00	—
Yes	4	15589	2.57	1.18 (0.44–3.15)	—
Steroid usage
No	279	1,420,146	1.96	1.00	1.00
Yes	146	556,999	2.62	1.34 (1.09–1.63)	1.33 (1.08–1.63)

^§Per 10000 person-years. , , . CSC: central serous chorioretinopathy, NOSD: nonorganic sleep disturbance, HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval.