Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitor Usage and Age-Related Macular Degeneration among Hypertensive Patients: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005–2008
Table 1
Characteristics of the study population.
Characteristics
AMD
No AMD (n = 2,727)
Early AMD (n = 256)
Late AMD (n = 40)
Demographics
Age, years (%)
<0.001
40–54
40.9 (±1.7)
13.6 (±3.5)
1.9 (±1.9)
55–64
26.8 (±1.1)
16.3 (±3.1)
5.3 (±3.5)
65–74
20.2 (±0.9)
28.7 (±3.3)
5.7 (±4.0)
75–84
11.4 (±0.9)
35.6 (±3.6)
74.9 (±9.0)
≥85
0.7 (±0.1)
5.8 (±1.1)
12.2 (±5.9)
Gender (%)
0.07
Male
46.7 (±1.1)
49.1 (±3.9)
24.9 (±7.7)
Race (%)
0.25
Non-Hispanic white
75.5 (±2.4)
85.4 (±2.8)
93.5 (±3.4)
Non-Hispanic black
12.6 (±1.8)
5.8 (±1.5)
2.4 (±2.0)
Mexican American
4.3 (±0.7)
4.2 (±1.2)
0.9 (±0.9)
Other races
7.6 (±0.9)
4.6 (±2.0)
3.2 (±2.5)
Education level (%)
0.20
<9th grade
7.8 (±0.9)
12.2 (±3.7)
13.4 (±4.4)
9–11th grade (including 12th grade with no diploma)
12.6 (±0.9)
17.1 (±3.7)
12.4 (±5.5)
High school graduate/GED or equivalent
28.3 (±1.3)
26.7 (±3.5)
28.4 (±6.2)
Some college or associate degree
27.0 (±1.3)
26.5 (±3.9)
29.9 (±6.4)
College graduate or above
24.3 (±1.8)
17.4 (±3.0)
15.9 (±4.9)
Health-related behaviors
Consuming ≥100 cigarettes in life (%)
52.5 (±1.5)
55.8 (±3.2)
44.9 (±9.7)
0.48
Alcohol consumed in life ≥12 drinks (%)
17.6 (±1.1)
17.4 (±3.3)
3.1 (±3.1)
0.61
Systemic and ocular health conditions
General health condition (%)
0.16
Excellent or good
76.4 (±1.4)
69.2 (±6.4)
100
Fair
20.0 (±1.0)
24.0 (±4.6)
0
Poor
3.6 (±0.6)
6.8 (±3.3)
0
Body mass index (%)
0.12
<25
21.4 (±0.9)
22.0 (±2.6)
34.7 (±11.0)
25–30
33.3 (±1.2)
36.0 (±3.0)
44.2 (±7.6)
>30
45.3 (±1.3)
42.2 (±3.4)
21.1 (±8.2)
Previous cataract surgery (%)
11.0 (±0.7)
31.1 (±3.6)
67.3 (±9.5)
<0.001
Diabetes mellitus (%)
23.0 (±1.2)
27.9 (±4.5)
29.3 (±6.3)
0.31
Heart diseases history (%)
14.5 (±1.3)
24.7 (±4.3)
33.2 (±12.7)
0.02
Stroke history (%)
6.0 (±0.7)
17.0 (±5.5)
22.6 (±14.6)
<0.01
Cancer or malignancy (%)
13.6 (±1.1)
16.6 (±4.3)
31.2 (±11.0)
0.13
Arthritis (%)
44.8 (±1.6)
50.0 (±5.8)
69.6 (±9.3)
0.13
Liver problem (%)
4.9 (±1.0)
3.8 (±1.9)
0
0.57
Thyroid problem (%)
16.0 (±1.7)
21.3 (±4.5)
27.2 (±10.6)
0.47
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
114.9 (±1.2)
109.7 (±3.4)
120.9 (±8.6)
0.27
Apolipoprotein (B) (mg/dL)
100.9 (±0.9)
96.5 (±2.62)
98.1 (±7.18)
0.24
Direct HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
52.6 (±0.44)
55.3 (±0.99)
58.5 (±2.22)
<0.01
RASIs
RASI utilization (%)
42.2 (±0.9)
49.3 (±3.7)
64.5 (±6.3)
<0.01
RASI category (%)†
0.01
ACEI
25.8 (±1.0)
32.8 (±3.1)
40.8 (±7.2)
ARB
15.5 (±1.0)
15.9 (±2.7)
12.2 (±4.3)
†Except participants taking both ACEI and ARB. AMD: age-related macular degeneration; GED: general equivalency diploma/general educational development; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; RASI: renin-angiotensin system inhibitor; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; CI: confidence interval; SE: standard error. Note. Data are presented by weight-adjusted proportion (±SE) or mean (±SE).
