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| Authors | Number of patients | Age (y) | Sex | Treatment duration (m) | Retinal involvement | Fundoscopy | FAF | OCT | Liver dysfunction | ERG | FUP duration (m) and findings |
|
| Roe et al. [14] | 3 | 40 to 46 | M | 19 to 60 | Bilateral macular | (i) RPE hypertrophic and atrophic changes (diffuse retinal pigment epitheliopathy)
(ii) Parafoveal opacification
(iii) Intraretinal crystal deposits | Sharply edged hypo-AF corresponding to the RPE atrophy areas | (i) Intraretinal cysts
(ii) Intraretinal cavitations
(iii) RPE irregularity
(iv) cRORA | Present | — | (i) 12 to 24 m
(ii) Decreased visual acuity
(iii) Significantly larger areas of RPE disruption (even despite treatment interruption in patient 1)
(iv) Evident intraretinal crystals |
|
| Pinto et al. [15] | 1 | 30 | M | 60 (with 24-month interruption) | Bilateral macular | Perimacular ring of pigment mottling, with clumps of pigment in the adjacent periphery | Area of annular hypo-AF (bull’s eye maculopathy) with a surrounding ring of hyper-AF | Macular thinning | Absent | ff-ERG: normal | — |
|
| Biancardi and Curi [16] | 1 | — | — | Long term (not specified) | Bilateral macular | Bilateral rounded hypopigmented lesions | (i) Background granularity (LE > RE)
(ii) Hypo-AF (RE > LE)
(iii) Speckled hyper-AF pattern surrounding the hypo-AF areas | (i) Subfoveal cRORA
(ii) Perifoveal areas of hyperreflectivity affecting the ONL and the ELM | — | — | (i) 8 m
(ii) Reduction of background granularity and hyper-AF pattern and increase in hypo-AF areas of RPE atrophy |
|
| Papavasileiou et al. [17] | 1 | 59 | M | 96 | Bilateral retinal and macular | Bilateral retinitis pigmentosa-like appearance of the fundus with scattered bone specula pigmentation in the midperipheral retina | Paramacular mottled hypo-AF, affecting the macula of the RE and sparing the macula of the LE | iRORA with sparing of the foveolar ellipsoid zone in the LE | Absent | (i) PERG P50: undetectable
(ii) ff-ERG: rod-cone dystrophy with additional inner retinal involvement | — |
| Tu et al. [18] | 1 | 47 | M | 84 | Unilateral macular (LE) | Unilateral hyperemic lesion centered at the left fovea | Normal | Subfoveal iORA and parafoveal cORA | Present | — | (i) 6 m; improved visual acuity and epitheliopathy resolution already after 6 weeks of ritonavir discontinuation
(ii) Stable visual acuity and normal macular exams at last FUP |
|
| Faure et al. [19] | 1 | 49 | M | 120 | Bilateral macular | (i) Parafoveal retinal graying
(ii) Bilateral crystal and pigment deposits | (i) Foveal hyper-AF combined to areas of hypo-AF due to retinal pigment epithelium disruption (RE > LE) | (i) Subfoveal iRORA and nasal juxtafoveal cRORA (RE)
(ii) iRORA (LE)
(iii) Disruption of inner retina OU | Absent | (i) ff-ERG: dark- and light-adapted responses reduced
(ii) Multifocal-ERG: impaired responses to the central hexagons | (i)
Nearly 24 m
(ii) Stable clinical picture after ritonavir cessation
(iii) New pattern of pigment deposits |
|
| Mesquita et al. [20] | 1 | 53 | M | 120 | Bilateral retinal and macular | Diffuse bilateral RPE atrophy | Patchy confluent areas of hypo-AF surrounded by hyper-AF | (i) cRORA
(ii) FTMH (LE)
(iii) ERM (LE) | Absent | — | — |
|
| Louie and Jones [21] | 1 | 53 | M | 84 | Bilateral retinal and macular | (i) Bilateral subtle annular pattern of retinal RPE around the fovea
(ii) Bilateral yellowish-white chorioretinal lesions and bone spicule-like pigmentary changes in the midperipheral retina | (i) Annular hyper-AF in the parafoveal region consistent with bull’s eye maculopathy
(ii) Hyper-AF in the areas of the bone spicule-like pigment changes
(iii) Smaller patches of hyper-AF along the far inferotemporal arcades | (i) Annular parafoveal iORA
(ii) Thickened hyperreflectivity of the subfoveal ellipsoid zone with relative attenuation centrally
(iii) Punctate hyperreflective flecks within the ellipsoid zone eccentrically (precursor to crystalline deposits) | Present | ff-ERG: reduced rod- and cone-mediated responses in amplitude and timing, with cones more impaired than rods | (i) More than 24 m
(ii) Stable visual acuity, imaging, and functional tests (with ritonavir discontinuation) |
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