Nailfold Capillary Hemorrhages: Microvascular Risk Factors for Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

Table 1

Demographic and clinical features of the study cohort.

	Control (n = 277)	POAG (n = 206)	value vs. control	SG (n = 29)	value vs. control	OHT (n = 57)	value vs. control
Age in years, mean (SD)	63.2 (10.8)	67.5 (10.6)	<0.0001	65.0 (11.2)	0.40	62.5 (12.5)	0.68
Sex, n (%)
Female	157 (56.7)	95 (46.1)	0.02	18 (62.1)	0.42	36 (63.2)	0.36
Male	120 (43.3)	111 (53.9)		11 (37.9)		21 (36.8)
Race/ethnicity, n (%)
Caucasian	169 (61.0)	88 (42.7)	<0.0001	9 (33.3)	0.002	39 (68.4)	0.29
African-American	59 (21.3)	95 (46.1)		15 (55.6)		12 (21.1)
Asian/Pacific Islander	7 (2.5)	11 (5.3)		1 (3.7)		3 (5.3)
Hispanic	42 (15.2)	12 (5.8)		4 (14.8)		3 (5.3)
Any cancer, n (%)	30 (10.8)	20 (9.7)	0.69	3 (10.3)	0.94	3 (5.3)	0.17
Non-skin cancer malignancy, n (%)	19 (6.9)	19 (9.2)	0.35	2 (6.9)	0.99	1 (1.8)	0.09
Anticoagulant medication, n (%)	69 (24.9)	46 (22.3)	0.51	5 (17.2)	0.36	9 (15.8)	0.13
Cataract, n (%)	90 (32.5)	70 (34.0)	0.73	6 (20.7)	0.19	16 (28.1)	0.51
Cataract surgery, n (%)	27 (1.0)	26 (12.6)	0.33	1 (3.4)	0.26	6 (10.5)	0.87
Arthritis, n (%)	50 (18.1)	19 (9.2)	0.005	1 (3.4)	0.05	6 (10.5)	0.15
Hypertension, n (%)	116 (41.9)	105 (51.0)	0.05	9 (31.0)	0.26	23 (40.4)	0.83
Diabetes, n (%)	58 (20.9)	65 (31.6)	0.008	5 (17.2)	0.64	12 (22.8)	0.76
Hyperlipidemia, n (%)	61 (22.0)	42 (20.4)	0.66	7 (24.1)	0.79	15 (26.3)	0.49
Cardiovascular disease, any, n (%)	30 (10.8)	34 (16.5)	0.05	1 (3.4)	0.21	5 (8.8)	0.70
Family history of glaucoma, n (%)	57 (20.6)	76 (36.9)	<0.0001	7 (24.1)	0.65	13 (22.8)	0.71
IOP (mm Hg), mean (SD)	14.6 (3.5)	17.2 (6.7)	<0.0001	20.4 (8.2)	<0.0001	19.4 (4.2)	<0.0001
Disease severity, n (%)
Early	———	111 (53.9)		———		———
Intermediate	———	48 (23.3)		———		———
Late	———	47 (22.8)		———		———

the t-test; all other values, the χ2 test. HTG, high-tension glaucoma; IOP, intraocular pressure; NTG, normal-tension glaucoma; OHT, ocular hypertension; POAG, primary open-angle glaucoma; SG, secondary glaucoma.