Nailfold Capillary Hemorrhages: Microvascular Risk Factors for Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

Table 3

Descriptive analyses of nailfold capillary abnormalities.

Nailfold microvascular feature	Control	POAG (n = 206)		HTG (n = 173)		NTG (n = 33)		SG (n = 29)		value vs. POAG	OHT (n = 57)		P value vs. POAG
	n (%)	n (%)	value vs. control	n (%)	value vs. control	n (%)	value vs. control	n (%)	value vs. control		n (%)	value vs. control
Hemorrhages
/100 capillaries, n (%)
0.0	156 (56.3)	29 (14.1)	<0.0001	24 (13.9)	<0.0001	5 (15.2)	<0.0001	11 (37.9)	0.49	0.001	23 (40.4)	0.96	<0.0001
>0.0 and <1.0	58 (20.9)	57 (27.7)		50 (28.9)		7 (21.2)		9 (31.0)			18 (31.6)
≥1.0 and <2.0	32 (11.6)	41 (19.9)		34 (19.7)		7 (21.2)		10 (34.5)			12 (21.1)
≥2.0	31 (11.2)	79 (38.3)		65 (37.6)		12 (42.4)		4 (13.8)			4 (7.0)
Any hemorrhages	121 (43.7)	177 (85.9)	<0.0001^†	149 (86.1)	<0.0001^†	28 (84.8)	<0.0001^†	18 (62.1)	0.06^†	0.001^†	34 (59.6)	0.03^†	<0.0001^†
Dilated capillaries
/100 capillaries, n (%)
0.0	185 (66.8)	108 (52.4)	0.03	97 (56.1)	0.10	11 (33.3)	0.01	19 (65.5)	0.59	0.11	30 (52.6)	0.14	0.92
>0.0 and <1.0	32 (11.6)	36 (17.5)		28 (16.2)		8 (24.2)		7 (24.1)			8 (14.0)
≥1.0 and <2.0	25 (9.0)	24 (11.7)		18 (10.4)		6 (18.2)		5 (17.2)			8 (14.0)
≥2.0	32 (12.6)	38 (18.4)		30 (17.3)		8 (24.2)		2 (6.9)			11 (19.3)
Any dilated capillaries	92 (33.2)	98 (47.6)	<0.0001^†	76 (43.9)	0.02^†	22 (66.7)	<0.0001^†	10 (34.5)	0.89^†	0.19^†	27 (47.4)	0.05^†	0.05^†
Avascular zones
/100 capillaries, n (%)
0.0	253 (91.3)	166 (80.6)	0.0007	142 (82.1)	0.002	24 (72.7)	0.03	27 (93.1)	0.49	0.45	48 (84.2)	0.21	0.29
>0.0 and <0.75	11 (4.0)	12 (5.8)		8 (4.6)		4 (12.1)		0 (0.0)			5 (8.8)
≥0.75	13 (4.7)	28 (13.6)		23 (13.3)		5 (15.2)		2 (6.9)			4 (7.0)
Any avascular zones	24 (8.7)	40 (19.4)	0.001^†	31 (17.9)	0.004^†	9 (27.3)	0.004^†	2 (6.9)	0.98^†	0.10^†	9 (15.8)	0.12^†	0.53^†

the Mantel–Haenszel–Cochran test. ^† the χ² test. HTG, high-tension glaucoma; NTG, normal-tension glaucoma; OHT, ocular hypertension; POAG, primary open-angle glaucoma; SG, secondary glaucoma.