Nailfold Capillary Hemorrhages: Microvascular Risk Factors for Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

Table 6

Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analysis of nailfold capillary abnormalities in relation to control subjects.

Nailfold microvascular feature	All POAG (n = 206)		HTG (n = 173)		NTG (n = 33)		SG (n = 29)		OHT (n = 57)
	OR (95% CI)	value	OR (95% CI)	value	OR (95% CI)	value	OR (95% CI)	value	OR (95% CI)	value
Hemorrhages/100 capillaries
0.0	1.0 (ref)		1.0 (ref)		1.0 (ref)		1.0 (ref)		1.0 (ref)
>0.0 and <1.0	5.6 (2.8–11.0)	<0.0001	6.5 (3.0–14.0)	<0.0001	4.6 (1.2–18.1)	<0.0001	1.4 (0.4–4.6)	0.65	2.7 (1.3–5.8)	0.01
≥1.0 and <2.0	6.7 (3.1–14.6)		7.8 (3.3–18.3)		5.8 (1.3–25.5)		2.4 (0.6–8.9)		3.3 (1.4–8.2)
≥2.0	18.3 (8.5–39.4)		18.7 (3.3–18.3)		19.0 (5.0–72.0)		1.2 (0.3–5.3)		1.0 (0.3–3.5)
Any hemorrhages	8.3 (4.6–15.0)	<0.0001	9.1 (4.7–17.8)	<0.0001	8.2 (2.6–26.3)	<0.0001	1.6 (0.6–4.1)	0.34	1.4 (0.7–2.8)	0.006
Dilated capillaries/100 capillaries
0.0	1.0 (ref)		1.0 (ref)		1.0 (ref)		1.0 (ref)		1.0 (ref)
>0.0 and <1.0	2.5 (1.3–4.9)	0.002	2.3 (1.1–5.0)	0.02	3.4 (1.0–11.2)	0.01	2.5 (0.8–8.0)	0.46	1.3 (0.5–3.4)	0.26
≥1.0 and <2.0	2.0 (0.9–4.5)		1.4 (0.6–3.5)		5.1 (1.4–17.9)		0.6 (0.1–6.8)		2.0 (0.7–5.2)
≥2.0	3.1 (1.5–6.1)		2.9 (1.3–6.4)		4.7 (1.4–15.7)		1.1 (0.2–6.1)		2.2 (0.9–5.2)
Any dilated capillaries	2.5 (1.6–4.2)	<0.0001	2.2 (1.3–3.9)	0.003	4.2 (1.7–10.6)	0.001	1.6 (0.6–4.2)	0.36	1.8 (0.9–3.4)	0.08
Avascular zones/100 capillaries
0.0	1.0 (ref)		1.0 (ref)		1.0 (ref)		1.0 (ref)		1.0 (ref)
>0.0 and <0.75	3.2 (1.1–9.2)	0.002	2.6 (0.7–9.4)	0.006	5.6 (1.3–24.0)	0.05	———	0.46	4.5 (1.4–15.0)	0.05
≥0.7	4.0 (1.6–9.9)		4.6 (1.7–12.6)		3.3 (0.8–14.1)		2.3 (0.3–18.0)		2.0 (0.6–7.2)
Any avascular zones	3.7 (1.8–7.6)	<0.0001	3.7 (1.6–8.5)	0.002	4.2 (1.3–13.1)	0.02	2.3 (0.3–18.0)	0.46	3.0 (1.2–7.6)	0.03

The model adjusts for age (in years), sex, race, family history of glaucoma, hypertension, use of antiplatelet medication, and study site. CI, confidence interval; HTG, high-tension glaucoma; NTG, normal-tension glaucoma; OHT, ocular hypertension; OR, odds ratio; POAG, primary open-angle glaucoma; SG, secondary glaucoma.