Prevalence and Factors Associated with Self-Reported Vision Disability among the Elderly in Malaysia: Findings from National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2018
Table 3
Prevalence and associated factors of vision disability among the elderly (60 years and above) in Malaysia.
Variables
Prevalence (95% CI)
Crude OR (95% CI)
Adjusted ORa (95% CI)
Overall
4.5 (3.42, 5.90)
—
—
Age group
60–69
3.3 (2.31, 4.81)
R
—
70–79
6.4 (4.67, 8.63)
1.96 (1.23, 3.02)
1.19 (0.81, 1.77)
80+
8.5 (5.62, 12.75)
2.69 (1.68, 4.32)
1.09 (0.67, 1.77)
Gender
Male
4.4 (3.11, 6.22)
R
—
Female
4.6 (3.35, 6.35)
1.10 (0.69, 1.58)
0.65 (0.39, 1.07)
Residence
Urban
3.8 (2.57, 5.62)
R
—
Rural
6.5 (4.80, 8.61)
1.74 (1.04, 2.91)
1.18 (0.60, 2.31)
Ethnic group
Malay
4.4 (3.16, 6.02)
R
—
Chinese
4.4 (2.58, 7.29)
0.99 (0.54, 1.84)
1.30 (0.65, 2.60)
Indian
3.1 (1.48, 6.37)
0.69 (0.30, 3.47)
0.68 (0.27, 1.69)
Other Bumiputera
8.1 (4.92, 12.96)
1.92 (1.06, 3.47)
1.36 (0.67, 2.73)
Others
1.8 (0.55, 5.56)
0.39 (0.11, 1.35)
0.34 (0.10, 1.14)
Education level
No formal education
9.4 (6.84, 12.71)
9.21 (3.12, 27.19)
6.69 (1.52, 29.49)
Primary school education
5.3 (3.97, 7.13)
5.01 (1.64, 15.34)
4.26 (1.01, 18.03)
Secondary school education
2.3 (1.09, 4.59)
2.05 (0.62, 6.82)
2.32 (0.47, 11.54)
Tertiary education
1.1 (0.37, 3.30)
R
—
Marital status
Married
3.9 (2.89, 5.31)
R
—
Never married/separated/divorced/widowed
5.8 (4.14, 8.04)
1.51 (1.05, 2.17)
0.98 (0.65, 1.47)
Occupation status
Employed
1.7 (0.96, 3.02)
R
—
Unemployed/retiree/homemaker
5.4 (4.15, 7.05)
3.31 (1.99, 5.48)
3.25 (1.79, 5.89)
Diabetes mellitus
Yes
5.3 (3.66, 7.56)
1.26 (0.81, 1.96)
1.20 (0.72, 1.99)
No
4.2 (3.08, 5.81)
R
—
Hypertension
Yes
5.6 (4.05, 7.57)
1.64 (1.22, 2.22)
1.45 (1.00, 2.09)
No
3.5 (2.61, 4.55)
R
—
Current smoker
Yes
6.1 (3.42, 10.56)
1.45 (0.74, 2.81)
1.36 (0.64, 2.92)
No
4.3 (3.17, 5.75)
R
—
Nutritional status
Normal
2.6 (1.69, 4.02)
R
—
Malnutrition
8.8 (6.82, 11.32)
3.61 (2.28, 5.71)
2.84 (1.75, 4.61)
CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio. aAdjusted for age group, gender, residence, ethnic group, educational level, marital status, occupation status, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, current smoker, and nutritional status. Significant <0.05 for logistic regression.
