New Keratoconus Risk Factors: A Cross-Sectional Case—Control Study
Table 3
Risk factors of keratoconus and multivariate logistic regression.
Characteristic
Univariate analysis
Multivariate analysis
OR
95% CI
value
OR
95% CI
value
Family history
No
—
—
—
—
Yes
23.4
7.02–145
<0.001
22.2
5.88–148
<0.001
Eye rubbing history
No
—
—
—
—
Yes
10.5
6.54–17.4
<0.001
10.9
6.35–19.3
<0.001
Allergy (any kind)
No
—
—
—
—
Yes
2.77
1.84–4.20
<0.001
3.80
2.26–6.54
<0.001
Dry eyes
No
—
—
—
—
Yes
2.45
1.58–3.83
<0.001
1.77
1.02–3.09
0.045
Smoking exposure (tobacco or cannabis)
No
—
—
—
—
Yes
1.86
1.16–2.99
0.010
2.08
1.15–3.85
0.017
Screen time per day
<4 hr
—
—
—
—
≥4 hr
1.43
0.96–2.13
0.083
1.54
0.91–2.61
0.11
Hand or forearm on the eye (sleeping position)
No
—
—
Yes
3.04
1.31–7.90
0.014
Snoring or OSA
No
—
—
Yes
1.61
0.95–2.77
0.082
CI = confidence interval, OR = odds ratio, and OSA = obstructive sleep apnea. Data are n (%) or odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Odds ratios were calculated by univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The multivariate model was created with the variables with in the univariate analysis with a method of eliminating variables by using the corrected Akaike information criterion. A generalized variance inflation factor was used to check for multicollinearity.
