Association of Axial Length and Refraction with Near Horizontal Heterophoria in Chinese Children: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study

Table 1

Basic demographic parameters between different subjects.

	Included subjects (n = 11013)	Excluded subjects (n = 4068)	Z/χ^2
Age (years)	9.26 ± 1.73	8.90 ± 1.55	−11.493	＜0.001^a
Gender (male, %)	5826 (52.60%)	2256 (55.46%)	7.804	0.005^b
SE (D)	−1.15 ± 1.61	−0.93 ± 2.12	−7.838	＜0.001^a
AL (mm)	23.50 ± 1.09	23.28 ± 1.11	−5.720	＜0.001^a
Heterophoria (PD)	−3.99 ± 6.03	−3.99 ± 6.09	−1.291	0.197^a

^aA significant difference between included and excluded subjects as determined using the Kruskal–Wallis test. ^bA significant difference between included and excluded subjects as determined using the chi-square test.