Prevalence, Causes, and Risk Factors of Visual Impairment in Emiratis and Non-Emiratis of Dubai: A Subnational Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey
Table 4
Multivariable logistic regression analysis for risk factors associated with presenting vision impairment (visual acuity <6/12) among the whole population.
Factors
Events/participants
Prevalence, %
Univariate analysis
Multivariable analysis
OR (95% CI)
value
OR (95% CI)
value
Age, yrs
40–49
17/421
4.04
Ref.
<0.0001
Ref.
0.0442
50–59
9/278
3.24
0.80 (0.35–1.81)
1.40 (0.30–6.51)
60+
30/193
15.54
4.37 (2.35–8.15)
3.32 (0.82–13.44)
Gender
0.0023
0.0044
Female
36/394
9.14
Ref.
Ref.
Male
20/498
4.02
0.42 (0.24–0.73)
0.42 (0.24–0.77)
Education level
0.0001
0.0180
Low
25/205
12.20
Ref.
Ref.
Moderate
25/492
5.08
0.39 (0.22–0.69)
0.59 (0.31–1.11)
High
6/195
3.08
0.23 (0.09–0.57)
0.34 (0.13–0.89)
Diabetes
0.0002
0.0459
No
27/632
4.27
Ref.
Ref.
Yes
29/260
11.15
2.81 (1.63–4.85)
1.91 (1.04–3.52)
Working status
0.0016
0.78
Currently working
18/474
3.80
Ref.
Ref.
Not working
38/418
9.09
2.53 (1.42–4.51)
0.90 (0.42–1.91)
Nationality
0.17
0.71
Emiratis
33/446
7.40
Ref.
Ref.
Non-Emiratis
23/446
5.16
0.68 (0.39–1.18)
1.12 (0.61–2.07)
OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval. Stepwise (forward selection) regression model was used to select covariates. The multivariable model only included the statistically significant risk factors (age, gender, education, and diabetes) in the final multivariable model ().
