Associations between Childhood Abuse, Resilience, Mindfulness, and Waterpipe Smoking: Implications for Cessation Interventions

Table 1

Characteristics of college students ().

Variable		Frequency	%
Gender	Female	409	52.7
	Male	367	47.3
Marital status	Single	655	84.4
	Married	115	14.8
	Other	6	0.8
Degree level	Undergraduate	433	55.8
	Graduate	343	44.2
Living place	Dormitory	556	71.6
	With his/her family	189	24.4
	Renting house outside	31	4.0
Study year	1st year	315	40.6
	2nd year	169	21.8
	3rd year	126	16.2
	4th year or higher	166	21.4
Waterpipe smoking	Ever smoking	385	49.6
	Current smoking	259	33.4
Adverse childhood experiences	One type	235	30.3
	Two types	194	25.0
	All of the three types	173	22.3
Resilience score	Mean (SD)	65.3 (19.7)
Mindfulness score	Mean (SD)	33.3 (6.0)