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First author (reference) | Effect of smoking on COVID-19 | Other findings |
Disease progression | Disease severity | Outcome | Hospital admission | Increase hospitalization | ICU admission | Mechanical ventilation |
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Alghamdi, S.A. [29] | More in smokers | More in smokers | Increased mortality and worse overall outcome in smokers | More admission in smokers | N/A | Increased in smokers | More in smokers | Smokers are more prone to have a severe disease and increased mortality rate |
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Baker, J [30] | More in tobacco users | More in tobacco users | -Increased mortality in tobacco users (17 studies) -Decreased mortality (1 study) No association between mortality and tobacco use (14 studies) | Higher admission rate in tobacco use | Longer hospital stay in tobacco users | Higher in tobacco users | Increased risk in tobacco use | Adverse outcome and higher mortality rate and more severe disease found in tobacco users |
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Farsalinos, K [31] | N/A | N/A | Worse outcome in current smoker, but still less than former smokers | Interesting finding of lower admission rate between smokers | N/A | N/A | N/A | More negative outcome among current smoker but les probability of hospital admission But overall, smoking in not protective against COVID infection |
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Gonzalez-Rubio, J [32] | N/A | N/A | N/A | Lower in smokers | N/A | N/A | N/A | Lower hospital admission in smokers |
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Grundy, E. J [33] | Higher risk of progression in smokers | Sever disease in smokers | Adverse outcome in smokers | More in smokers | N/A | N/A | N/A | Smokers have greater risk of severe disease |
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Gulsen, A [34] | N/A | Sever disease in smokers | Increased mortality in smokers | N/A | N/A | Higher risk of ICU admission | N/A | Risk of severe COVID is increased with both current smoking and previous history of smoking |
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Hou, H [35] | N/A | N/A | Mortality is significantly higher in former smokers compared to current smokers | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Significant increase in mortality rate in smokers(especially in former smokers compared to current smokers) |
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Kang, S [36] | Increase rate of disease progression | Smoking increase disease severity | Smoking increase mortality | N/A | Smoking increases hospitalized | N/A | N/A | N/A |
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Karanasos, A [27] | N/A | Increased severity | Increased mortality | N/A | Smoking increases the risk of hospitalized | N/A | N/A | Association of smoking with severity was not significant (10 studies with 4152 patients) |
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Kumar, R [37] | N/A | Significant association with severity | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
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Li, J [38] | N/A | Significantly associated with severe COVID-19 | N/A | N/A | N/A | Significantly associated with severe (ICU) COVID-19 | N/A | |
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Luo, S [39] | N/A | Strong associations with smoking | Strong associations with smoking | N/A | Strong associations with smoking | N/A | N/A | |
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Mahamat-Saleh, Y [40] | N/A | N/A | Increased absolute risk of death | The absolute risk of COVID-19 death increased by 7% | N/A | N/A | N/A | In this study show risk of death increase in ever smoker 28% current 29% and former 25% |
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Mattey-Mora, PP [41] | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Smoking increases hospitalized | N/A | N/A | |
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Mesas, AE [42] | N/A | N/A | Higher in-hospital mortality risk in smokers | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
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Minh, LHN [43] | More in smokers | Higher risk of severity in smokers | Higher death risk in smokers | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
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Patanavanich, R [44] | Higher disease progression in those with a history of smoking | N/A | Increased risk of death from COVID-19 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
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Patanavanich, R [45] | N/A | N/A | Higher risk of death in current and former smokers compared to never smokers | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | The risk for COVID-19 death in current smokers does not vary by age, but significantly drops by age in former smokers |
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Plasencia-Urizarri, TM [46] | N/A | Higher risk for severe clinical presentations in smokers | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
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Pranata, R [47] | N/A | N/A | Increased risk of composite poor outcome in smoker | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Current smokers were at higher risk of composite poor outcomes than former/nonsmokers |
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Reddy, RK [28] | Increased risk of disease progression in patients with a smoking history | Increased risk of severe COVID-19 in current smokers | Increased in-hospital mortality in patients with a smoking history | N/A | N/A | N/A | Increased need for mechanical ventilation in patients with a smoking history | N/A |
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Sanchez-Ramirez, DC [48] | N/A | N/A | Higher rate of severe outcome in current and former smokers | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
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Taylor, EH [49] | N/A | N/A | Higher ICU mortality rate in smokers | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
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Umnuaypornlert, A [50] | N/A | Increased risk of disease severity in current and former smokers | Increased mortality in current and former smokers | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
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Vardavas, C.I [18] | Smokers are more prone to have negative progression and severe symptoms | Smokers have severe disease | Higher mortality rate and adverse outcome was seen in smokers | More in smokers | N/A | Higher risk of ICU admission in smoker group | Higher risk of MV in smokers | There is an association between smoking and higher mortality and adverse outcome |
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Zhang, H [51] | N/A | Smoking was associated with severe COVID | Smokers have higher mortality rate | N/A | N/A | Higher risk of ICU admission was seen among smokers | No relationship was found between MV and smoking | Severe disease was more associated with former smoking compared to current smoking |
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Zhang, T [52] | Former smokers have more symptoms and severe disease | Former smokers are more prevalent in severe COVID group | Higher mortality rate is seen in severe cases (including former smokers) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Smoking is among the risk factors for severe COVID infection and complications |
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