Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Associated Risk Factors among the First-Cycle Primary Schoolchildren in Sasiga District, Southwest Ethiopia

Table 3

Risk factors associated with overall intestinal parasitic infections.

Sociodemographic variables
Number and percentage of parasite-infected student
Variables	Categories	Total no. (%)	Positive no. (%)	Negative no. (%)	AOR (95% CI)	value
Grade level	1	120 (31.3)	80 (66.6)	40 (33.33)	0.878 (0.28-2.6)	0.817
	2	112 (29.2)	71 (63.4)	41 (36.6)	1.379 (0.45-4.2)	0.571
	3	83 (21.7)	44 (53)	39 (47)	0.961 (0.28-3.2)	0.949
	4	68 (17.8)	44 (64.7)	24 (35.3)	1
Residence	Rural	182 (47.5)	139 (76.4)	43 (23.6)	5.41 (2.3-12.9)	0.000
	Urban	201 (52.5)	100 (49.8)	101 (50.2)	1
Family size	2-4	45 (11.75)	23 (51.1)	22 (48.9)	1.865 (0.5-6.31)	0.316
	5-7	191 (49.9)	129 (67.5)	62 (32.5)	1.389 (0.61-3.1)	0.429
	8-10	147 (38.38)	87 (59.2)	60 (40.8)	1
Family monthly income (ETB)	<800	163 (42.6)	141 (86.5)	22 (13.5)	4.159 (1.25-13.76)	0.02
	800-2,000	170 (44.9)	76 (44.7)	94 (55.3)	1.383 (0.4-4.17)	0.585
	>2.000	50 (13.1)	22 (44)	28 (56)	1
Father education	Primary school	221 (57.7)	157 (71.1)	64 (28.9)	1.229 (0.5-2.64)	0.598
	Secondary school and above	162 (42.3)	82 (50.6)	80 (49.4)	1
Mother education	Primary school	347 (90.6)	224 (64.5)	123 (35.5)	0.990 (0.22-4.35)	0.990
	Secondary school and above	36 (9.44)	15 (41.7)	21 (58.3)	1
Fathers’ occupation	Farmer	332 (86.7)	208 (62.6)	124 (37.4)	0.624 (0.19-2.05)	0.438
	Others	51 (13.3)	31 (60.78)	20 (21.21)	1
Mothers’ occupation	Housewife	350 (91.4)	229 (65.4)	121 (34.6)	1.88 (0.368-9.67)	0.447
	Others	33 (8.6)	10 (30.3)	23 (67.7)	1
Behavioral factors, hygienic practice, and environmental variables
Place of defecation	Open field	148 (38.6)	139 (93.9)	9 (6.1)	4.747 (1.82-12.37)	0.001
	Latrine	235 (59.8)	100 (42.5)	135 (47.5)	1
Source of drinking water	River	149 (38.9)	125 (83.9)	24 (16.1)	3.124 (1.325-7.36)	0.009
	Well	27 (7)	22 (81.5)	5 (18.5)	2.054 (0.47-8.95)	0.338
	Tap	207 (54)	92 (44.4)	115 (55.6)	1
Shoe-wearing habit	Always	272 (66)	143 (52.6)	129 (47.4)	1
	Sometimes	95 (24.8)	84 (88.4)	11 (11.6)	6.889 (3.51-13.48)	0.000
	Not at all	16 (4.2)	12 (75)	4 (25)	2.706 (0.851-8.60)	.092
Habits of washing fruits and vegetables before eating	Always	150 (21.4)	74 (49.3)	76 (50.7)	1
	Sometimes	215 (56.1)	152 (70.7)	63 (29.3)	1.993 (0.32-12.22)	0.456
	Not at all	18 (4.7)	15 (83.3)	3 (16.7)	1.77 (0.77-4.04)	0.174
Hand washing habit after toilet use	Always	163 (42.6)	73 (44.8)	90 (55.2)	1
	Sometimes	207 (54)	154 (74.4)	53 (25.6)	2.358 (1.047-5.31)	0.038
	Not at all	13 (3.4)	12 (92.3)	1 (7.7)	3.137 (0.19-49.61)	0.417
Raw meat-eating habit	Frequent	49 (13)	37 (75.5)	12 (24.5)	1.127 (0.31-4.079)	0.856
	Sometimes	177 (28.7)	110 (62.1)	67 (37.9)	0.470 (0.124-1.78)	0.267
	Not at all	157 (41)	94 (59.9)	63 (40.1)	1
Ways of waste disposal	Burning	141 (23.8)	33 (23.4)	108 (76.6)	1
	Burying	91 (23.8)	78 (85.7)	13 (14.3)	12.12 (4.24-34.62)	0.000
	Open dump	151 (39.4)	128 (84.8)	23 (15.2)	8.377 (3.55-19.75)	0.000
Fingernail cleanliness^@	Clean	256 (66.8)	128 (50)	128 (50)	1
	Not clean	127 (33.2)	111 (87.4)	16 (12.6)	4.2 (1.67-10.55)	0.002

Note: 1 = reference value; statistically significant at ; statistically significant at ; AOR = adjusted odds ratio; multivariate regression model for grade level, family size, residence, family monthly income, father education, mother education, father occupation, mother occupation, place of defecation, source of drinking water, shoe-wearing habit, habit of eating unwashed fruits and vegetables, handwashing habit after toilet use, raw meat-eating habits, ways of waste disposal, and fingernails cleanliness for intestinal parasitic infections; @ = finger nail cleanliness was evaluated by observing whether nails are trimmed or not.