Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Associated Risk Factors among the First-Cycle Primary Schoolchildren in Sasiga District, Southwest Ethiopia

Table 4

Risk factors associated with Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm infections.

Risk factors	Ascaris lumbricoides infection
	Positive no. (%)	Negative no. (%)	Total no. (%)	AOR (95% CI)	value
Age groups
Childhood	4 (50)	4 (50)	8 (2.1)	2.621 (0.631-19.039)	0.341
Midchildhood	65 (20.3)	255 (79.7)	320 (83.5)	0.686 (0.317-1.405)	0.287
Early adolescent	18 (32.7)	37 (67.3)	55 (14.4)	1
Residence
Rural	46 (25.3)	136 (74.7)	182 (47.5)	0.96 (0.545-1.715)	0.908
Urban	41 (20.4)	160 (79.6)	201 (52.5)	1
Family size
2-4	12 (26.7)	33 (73.3)	45 (11.7)	2.706 (1.043-7.017)	0.041
5-7	51 (26.7)	140 (73.3)	191 (49.9)	1.695 (0.915-3.142)
8-10	24 (16.3)	123 (83.7)	147 (38.4)	1
Family monthly income (ETB)
<800	57 (35)	106 (65)	163 (42.6)	2.004 (0.709-5.667)	0.190
800-2,000	23 (13.5)	147 (86.5)	170 (44.4)	1.035 (0.356-3.011)	0.950
>2,000	7 (14)	43 (86)	50 (13.1)	1
Father education
Primary school	60 (27.1)	161 (72.9)	221 (57.7)	1490 (0.000)	0.999
Secondary school and above	27 (16.7)	135 (83.3)	162 (40.5)	1486 (0.000)	0.999
College and above	-	7 (100)	7 (1.8)	1
Father occupation
Daily laborer	9 (60)	6 (40)	15 (3.9)	1.728 (0.284-10.512)	0.553
Farmer	73 (22)	259 (78)	332 (86.4)	0.719 (0.192-2.691)	0.624
Govt. employee	1 (6.2)	15 (93.8)	16 (4.2)	0.288 (0.020-4.065)	0.357
Merchant	4 (20)	16 (80)	20 (5.2)	1
Place of defecation
Toilet	37 (15.1)	198 (84.3)	235 (61.4)	1
Open field	50 (33.8)	98 (66.2)	148 (38.6)	0.694 (0.505-1.841)	0.911
Drinking water sources
River	49 (32.9)	100 (67.1)	149 (38.9)	1.675 (0.915-3.142)	0.112
Well	9 (33.3)	18 (66.7)	27 (7)	1.937 (0.704-5.332)	0.201
Pipe	29 (14)	178 (86)	207 (54)	1
Fruit and vegetation washing habit before eating
Not at all	7 (38.9)	11 (61.1)	18 (4.7)	1.422 (0.410-4.929)	0.579
Sometimes	58 (27)	157 (73)	215 (56.1)	1.141 (0.598-2.176)	0.689
Always	22 (14.7)	128 (85.3)	150 (39.2)	1
Hand washing habit after toilet use
Not at all	4 (30.9)	9 (69.2)	13 (3.4)	1.278 (0.283-5.764)	0.749
Sometimes	60 (29)	147 (71)	207 (54)	1.428 (0.756-2.698)	0.273
Always	23 (14.1)	140 (85.9)	163 (42.6)	1
Ways of waste disposal
Open damp	58 (38.4)	93 (61.6)	151 (39.4)	8.033 (3.022-21.355)	0.001
Burying	23 (25.3)	68 (74.7)	91 (23.8)	4.898 (1.722-13.929)	0.003
Burning	6 (4.3)	135 (95.7)		1
Fingernail cleanliness
Not clean	40 (31.5)	87 (68.5)	127 (33.2)	1.301 (0.727-2.328)	0.376
Clean	47 (18.4)	209 (81.6)	256 (66.8)	1
Hookworm infection
Family size
2-4	5 (11.1)	40 (88.9)	45 (11.7)	0.513 (0.169-1.555)	0.238
5-7	43 (22.6)	148 (77.5)	191 (49.9)	1.112 (0.619-1.998)	0.722
8-10	31 (21.1)	116 (78.9)	147 (38.4)	1
Family monthly income (ETB)
<800	41 (25.2)	122 (74.8)	163 (42.6)	1.038 (0.375-2.873)	0.943
800-2,000	31 (18.2)	139 (81.8)	170 (44.4)	1.314 (0.484-3.562)	0.592
>2,000	7 (14)	43 (86)	50 (13.1)	1
Mother education
Primary school	76 (21.9)	271 (78.1)	347 (90.6)	4893 (0.000-000)	0.999
Secondary school	3 (9.4)	29 (90.6)	32 (8.4)	2958 (0.000-000)	0.999
College and above	-	4 (100)	4 (100)	1
Father education
Primary school	54 (24.4)	167 (75.6)	221 (57.7)	0.208 (0.021-2.027)	0.176
Secondary school	23 (14.8)	132 (85.2)	155 (40.4)	0.167 (0.017-1.646)	0.125
College and above	2 (28.6)	5 (71.4)	7 (1.8)	1
Mother occupation
Daily laborer	1 (33.3)	2 (66.7)	3 (0.8)	2.015 (0.103-39.620)	0.645
Housewife	76 (21.7)	274 (78.3)	350 (9.4)	1.685 (0.331-8.576)	0.530
Govt. employee	-	9 (100)	9 (2.3)	0.000 (0.000-0.000)	0.999
Merchant	2 (9.5)	19 (90.5)	21 (5.57)	1
Place of defecation
Open field	48 (32.4)	100 (67.6)	148 (38.6)	1.567 (0.812-3.022)	0.180
Toilet	31 (13.2)	204 (86.8)	235 (61.4)	1
Source of drinking water
River	40 (26.8)	109 (73.2)	149 (38.9)	1.329 (0.702-2.513)	0.382
Well	10 (37)	17 (63)	27 (7)	1.962 (0.716-5.380)	0.190
Pipe	29 (14)	178 (86)	207 (54)	1
Shoe-wearing habit
Not at all	9 (56.2)	7 (43.8)	16 (4.2)	8.346 (2.908-18.761)	0.001
Sometimes	35 (36.8)	60 (63.2)	95 (24.8)	3.648 (2.094-6.358)	0.001
Frequent	35 (12.9)	237 (87.1)	272 (71)	1
Hand washing habit after toilet use
Not at all	5 (38.5)	8 (61.5)	13 (3.4)	1.547 (0.408-5.867)	0.521
Sometimes	49 (23.7)	158 (76.3)	207 (54)	0.919 (0.495-1.706)	0.789
Always	25 (15.3)	138 (84.7)	163 (42.6)	1
Ways of waste disposal
Open damp	36 (23.8)	115 (76.2)	151 (39.4)	1.686 (0.761-3.736)	0.198
Burying	30 (33)	61 (67)	91 (23.8)	2.970 (1.290-6.838)	0.011
Burning	13 (9.2)	128 (90.8)	141 (36.8)	1
Fingernail cleanliness
Not clean	35 (27.6)	92 (72.4)	127 (33.2)	1.047 (0.585-1.872)	0.878
Clean	44 (17.2)	212 (82.8)	256 (66.8)	1

Note: 1 = reference value; statistically significant at ;statistically significant at , AOR = adjusted odds ratio; multivariate regression model for age, residence, family size, family monthly income, father education, father occupation, place of defecation, source of drinking water, habit of eating unwashed fruits and vegetables, handwashing habit after toilet use, ways of waste disposal, and fingernails cleanliness for Ascaris lumbricoides infection, and residence, family size, family monthly income, father education, mother education, mother occupation, place of defecation, source of drinking water, handwashing habit after toilet use, ways of waste disposal, and fingernails cleanliness for hookworm infection.