Epidemiological Survey of Toxoplasma gondii and Associated Risk Factors in Ruminant Species of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan

Table 2

Possible risk factors associated with higher IgM antibody of Toxoplasma gondii prevalence in Ruminants using chi-square analysis.

Variables	Categories	Total	IgM positive (%)	Chi-square test value	value
Gender	Male	190	34 (17)	.157	.692
	Female	261	43 (16.4)
Age	Up to one year	242	51 (21)	6.660	0.84
	One to two years	166	19 (11.4)
	Three years and above	42	7 (16)
Location	Peshawar	135	17 (12.5)	101.181	0.006
	Mardan	213	49 (23)
	Charsadda	103	11 (10.6)
Species	Cow	100	13 (13)	29.280	.000
	Sheep	167	49 (29)
	Goat	126	10 (7.9)
	Buffalo	58	5 (8.6)
Cat in the vicinity	Yes	240	54 (22.5)	10.671	.001
	No	211	23 (10.9)
Hygienic system	High	74	6 (8)	13.644	.001
	Moderate	179	23 (12.8)
	Low	198	48 (24)
Living	Free	83	10 (12)	1.814	.178
	Caged	368	67 (18)
Water intake	Indoor	312	38 (12)	17.446	.000
	Outdoor	138	39 (28)