Epidemiological Survey of Toxoplasma gondii and Associated Risk Factors in Ruminant Species of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan

Table 3

Possible risk factors associated with higher IgG antibodies of Toxoplasma gondii prevalence in ruminants using chi-square analysis.

Variables	Categories	Total	IgG positive (%)	Chi-square test value	value
Gender	Male	190	26 (15)	.007	.933
	Female	261	35 (13.4)
Age	One to five months	242	43 (17.7)	8.136	0.43
	Five to eighteen months	166	14 (8.4)
	Eighteen and above	42	4 (9.5)
Location	Peshawar	135	10 (7.4)	22.804	.000
	Mardan	213	46 (21.5)
	Charsadda	103	5 (4.8)
Species	Cow	100	10 (10)	22.580	.000
	Sheep	167	39 (23)
	Goat	126	8 (6)
	Buffalo	58	4 (6)
Cat in the vicinity	Yes	240	48 (20)	18.386	.000
	No	211	13 (6)
Hygienic system	High	74	3 (4)	11.958	.003
	Moderate	179	20 (11)
	Low	198	38 (19)
Living	Free	83	10 (12)	.190	.663
	Caged	368	51 (13.8)
Water intake	Indoor	312	27 (8.6)	20.861	.000
	Outdoor	138	34 (24.6)