Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Peel Inhibits the In Vitro and In Vivo Growth of Piroplasm Parasites

Table 3

Two drug interactions of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel in combination with diminazene aceturate on the in vitro growth of Babesia bovis and Theileria equi parasites.

Parasite	^a	FICD1	FICD2	ΣFIC	Degree of interaction^b
B. bovis		0.33	0.01	0.34	Synergetic
		0.21	0.12	0.33	Synergetic
		0.11	0.23	0.34	Synergetic
		0.21	0.45	0.66	Additive
		0.11	0.44	0.55	Additive
		0.23	0.45	0.68	Additive
		0.23	0.61	0.84	Additive
		0.45	0.23	0.68	Additive
		0.32	0.56	0.88	Additive
T. equi		0.45	0.78	1.23	Indifferent
		0.77	0.56	1.33	Indifferent
		0.75	0.45	1.2	Indifferent
		0.88	0.53	1.41	Indifferent
		0.88	0.23	1.11	Indifferent
		0.98	0.98	1.96	Indifferent
		1.45	0.23	1.68	Indifferent
		0.88	0.87	1.75	Indifferent
		1.02	0.78	1.80	Indifferent

^a refers to the different concentrations of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel in combination with diminazene aceturate. ^bThe degree of drug interaction was determined based on the following fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index: ≤0.5 (synergetic), >0.5–1 (additive), and >1 to <2 (indifferent). FIC_D1 refers to the fractional inhibitory concentration of Punica granatum. FIC_D2 refers to the fractional inhibitory concentration of diminazene aceturate. Three independent tests were performed after each combination was loaded in triplicate wells in 96-well plates.