Molecular Determination of <i>Toxocara</i> spp. Eggs Isolated from Public Parks and Playgrounds in Zahedan, Southeast Iran

Liravizadeh, Siavash; Abdolahi Khabisi, Samaneh; Salimi Khorashad, Alireza; Mirahmadi, Hadi

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/2132696

Journal of Parasitology Research

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Disclosure Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2024 | Article ID 2132696 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/2132696

Molecular Determination of Toxocara spp. Eggs Isolated from Public Parks and Playgrounds in Zahedan, Southeast Iran

Siavash Liravizadeh,¹Samaneh Abdolahi Khabisi,¹Alireza Salimi Khorashad,¹and Hadi Mirahmadi¹

Academic Editor: Tarig B. Higazi

Received27 Oct 2023

Revised15 Apr 2024

Accepted06 May 2024

Published27 May 2024

Abstract

Background. Human toxocariasis (HT) is a zoonotic disease with a global expansion. Contaminated soil with Toxocara spp. eggs is the main source of human infection, which may lead to severe complications depending on the organs invaded by migrating larvae. Aim. This study is aimed at eliciting the prevalence of Toxocara spp. eggs in public parks in Zahedan, southeast Iran, and providing new insight into the soil contamination rate in this area using microscopic and molecular methods. Methods. Based on five municipal districts, 240 soil samples were collected from public parks and playgrounds in Zahedan. The modified Sheather’s flotation technique was employed to isolate Toxocara spp. eggs from the soil, followed by microscopic assessment and molecular evaluation of internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (ITS1 and 2 rDNA) using nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) to identify the presence of Toxocara spp. eggs. The Sanger sequence was used to differentiate the Toxocara species. Subsequently, all the sequenced data were blasted and compared with other sequences available in the GenBank. Results. Out of 240 soil samples collected, 7 (2.9%) samples were identified to contain Toxocara spp. eggs using Sheather’s flotation and microscopic techniques. Meanwhile, 19 (7.9%) samples were positive using nested PCR. According to the Sanger sequencing analysis findings, all positive samples were contaminated with Toxocara cati. Conclusion. As evidenced by the obtained results, only T. cati species were detected in public parks and playgrounds in Zahedan; therefore, control and prevention programs against this species should be considered in human and animal communities.

1. Introduction

Toxocara spp. are mammalian roundworm parasites that reside in the small intestines of canines and cats across the globe. As definitive hosts, T. cati and T. canis are the two most prevalent zoonotic species associated with human toxocariasis (HT) infection [1]. The definitive host expels unembryonated eggs into the soil through the feces, while the accidental swallowing of embryonated eggs existing in the contaminated soil and unwashed plant-based foods (vegetables and raw paratenic flesh), as well as chicken and hare, might lead to human infection [2].

Depending on parasite load and subsequent immigration spots of larvae, HT leads to a broad spectrum of clinical syndromes and complications, including visceral larva migrans (VLM), ocular larva migrans (OLM), covert toxocariasis, neurotoxocariasis, cardiac disorder, and asthma [3–6]. Based on epidemiologic studies, the estimated global seroprevalence rate was 19.0%, with maximum and minimum prevalence rates of 37.7% and 8.2% in African and Eastern Mediterranean regions, respectively. Based on the results of 19-year research, this seroprevalence was 9.3% in Iran [7, 8].

As far as soil contamination is concerned, public places, such as parks, playgrounds, and sandboxes, which are common for pet walking and stray dogs and cats, are known as the most likely sites to increase the chance of infection posed by exposure to Toxocara spp. eggs, especially for children, due to their increased likelihood of ingesting soil and closer interaction with animals [9]. Therefore, soil is recognized as a potential infection-transmitting source for humans, and it needs to be closely observed. The recognition of Toxocara spp. eggs in soil by microscopic and molecular methods is essential for the development of preventative and control measures for human and animal communities. On the other hand, Toxocara spp. eggs are difficult to differentiate from eggs of other species in soil via microscopic methods due to their size and morphological resemblance; therefore, other proper techniques must be considered. Molecular techniques, as well as polymerase chain reaction- (PCR-) loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), nested PCR, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and PCR sequencing, are highly recommended as reliable approaches for the detection of Toxocara spp. eggs [10].

In addition, the pooled global prevalence of soil contamination was reported as 21% in Iran, but the precise contamination status of soil in Zahedan is unknown. In light of the aforementioned issues, the present study is aimed at eliciting the prevalence and distribution of Toxocara spp. eggs in public parks in Zahedan, southeast Iran, in an attempt to provide new insight into the rate of soil contamination in this area.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Sample Collection

Zahedan, the capital of Sistan and Baluchestan Province, is located in the southeast of Iran. This cross-sectional study was carried out from March to May and August to October 2022 (code of ethics: IR.ZAUMS.REC.1401.201). The sample size was calculated according to a study conducted in Yazd (central Iran), which resembles Zahedan in temperature and climate [11]. A total of 20 public parks, playgrounds, and recreational sites (with inclusion criteria bigger than 2500 m²) were selected from five municipal districts of Zahedan (Figure 1). Considering the accuracy rate of 25% (0.25 is correct) and design effect of 1.2%, the number of required soil samples was estimated to be 240 based on the sample size calculation formula. A total of 12 soil samples were gathered from the top 3-5 cm of soil in each park using a shovel to ensure an even sampling of the entire area. Each sample (300 g) was placed in a plastic container and labeled before being transported to the laboratory.

2.2. Sheather’s Flotation Technique

In the laboratory, the collected soil samples were dried at room temperature for 24 h and passed through a100 μm mesh sieve. A modified Sheather’s flotation technique [12] was used to sort out Toxocara spp. eggs from soil samples. According to this technique, 10 g of soil samples was thoroughly mixed with 40 ml of Tween 20 (0.5%) and centrifuged for 10 min at 1500 rpm in a 50 ml conical centrifuge tube, and the supernatant was then decanted. The same procedure was performed with distal water, and the supernatant was decanted as well. Following that, 40 ml of a saturated sugar solution (specific gravity: 1.27) was added to the sediment, mixed, and centrifuged for 10 min at 1500 rpm. The volume was increased to 45 ml by adding extra sugar solution and then centrifuged for 5 min at 800 rpm. Subsequently, the top 10 ml of supernatant was pipetted and transferred into a clean conical centrifuge tube. The 10 ml transferred supernatants were washed (centrifuged for 5 min at 800 rpm) once with 40 ml of distal water again. After decanting all supernatants, the sediment of each sample was stored at -20°C for further microscopic and molecular evaluation. In terms of microscopic assessment, the observation and identification of Toxocara spp. eggs were performed at magnifications of 100x and 400x based on morphological futures.

2.3. DNA Extraction and Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction

All flotation fluids (obtained from the Sheather’s flotation technique) were frozen and thawed three times using liquid nitrogen for 3 minutes and boiling water for 5 minutes, followed by overnight proteinase K digestion. Following that, according to the manufacturer’s instructions, genomic DNA was extracted using the Tissue Genomic DNA Extraction Mini Kit (Yekta Tajhiz Azma, Tehran, Iran, Lot. No. CB311121505). Internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 (ITS1 and ITS2), as well as the ribosomal DNA region, were amplified using nested PCR. In the first step of nested PCR, the forward primer (NC5: 5-GTAGGTGAACCTGCGGAAGGATCATT-3) and reverse primer (NC2: 5-TTAGTTTCTTTTCCTCCGCT-3) were used to amplify the ITS region [13]. The first PCR were accomplished in a final volume of 25 μl. The reaction mixture was prepared as follows: 12.5 μl of PCR Master Mix (2 Master Mix RED; Sinaclon, Iran, Cat. No. MM2062), 0.7 μl (12.5 pmol) of each primer, 5 μl of DNA template, and 6.1 μl double distal water. The temperature profile was a single cycle of 95°C for 6 min as primary denaturation, followed by 35 cycles of 94°C for 45 sec (denaturation), 60°C for 1 min (annealing), 72°C for 1 min (extension), and a final extension of 72°C for 6 min.

The secondary nested PCR were performed using forward primer (FM1: 5-TTGAGGGGAAATGGGTGAC-3) and reverse primer (FM2: 5-TGCTGGAGGCCATATCGT-3) in a 25 μl reaction volume [14]. A volume of 5 μl of the first-step product was used as the template for the second step of nested PCR. As an initial step, preheating at 94°C for 6 min was performed, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 45 sec, annealing at 60°C for 60 sec, and extension at 72°C for 1 min, with a final extension step of 6 min at 72°C. The PCR products were electrophoresed on a 1.5% agarose gel and stained with safe stain. The gel was placed in the gel doc chamber for UV exposure.

2.4. Sequencing and Alignment

The PCR products were purified using the DNA gel extraction (FAVORGEN, Cat. No. FAGCK001.1) according to the manufacturer’s instructions and sent to Microsynth Biotechnology Company (Swiss) for the Sanger sequencing. All the sequenced data were blasted and compared with other available sequences in the GenBank. Eight sequenced samples were successfully submitted to the gene bank database. Isolates from this study were aligned with Toxocara cati isolates from Shiraz, Iran, using BioEdit software (version 7.2.5).

3. Results

3.1. Microscopic Assessment

Out of 240 samples collected from 20 local parks, playgrounds, or recreational sites across Zahedan, Toxocara spp. eggs were detected in 7 (2.9%) samples. Figure 2 shows Toxocara spp. egg using Sheather’s flotation and microscopic techniques from soil sample.

Table 1 shows the frequency of soil samples contaminated with Toxocara spp. from Zahedan public park using both Sheather’s flotation and nested PCR techniques.

3.2. Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction and Sequencing

All soil samples were examined using the nested PCR technique, which targeted a specific area of ribosomal DNA known as the ITS1 and ITS2 regions. The number of 19 (7.9%) samples yielded amplicons of approximately 700 bp using nested PCR (Figure 3).

All the blasted sequences were T. cati species. Eight accession numbers, including OR591276, OR591277, OR591278, OR591279, OR591280, OR616610, OR616611, and OR616612, were submitted to the GenBank database. All accession numbers demonstrated more than 97% identity with the available sequences of T. cati, including KY003092.1 reported from Guangzhou, China; JX536259 reported from Tehran, Iran; KJ777179.1 reported from Dring, India; and MF592401 reported from Shiraz, Iran (Figure 4).

4. Discussion

Contaminated soil with Toxocara spp. eggs is the main source of human infection, which may lead to severe complications depending on the organs invaded by migrating larvae. The rate of soil contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs is affected by sample collection, concentration method, soil type, cultural level, religious, behavioral patterns, temperature, humidity, and public health conditions [15, 16]. Several studies have been conducted around the world and in Iran to evaluate the seroprevalence of HT. According to these studies, the prevalence rates of HT by the serological method have been estimated to be 19% worldwide and 9.3% in Iran and the prevalence rate of 1.3% in Zahedan [7, 8, 17].

Recent studies indicated that the seroprevalence of HT in Iran, particularly in Zahedan, is comparatively lower than the global average. In many Islamic countries, such as Iran, interaction with dogs and cats is often restricted due to religious norms. Furthermore, Iran is classified as an area with high temperatures and low humidity, which reduces the viability and survival of Toxocara spp. eggs in the soil. In the current study, Toxocara spp. eggs were detected in 2.9% of the soil of parks and playgrounds in Zahedan using a Sheather (saturated sucrose) flotation assay.

The results of several studies on the rate of soil contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs in Iran are consistent with those of the current research. A total of 4%, 5%, 7%, and 3.7% of soil samples in Shiraz, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Ardabil, and Sari in the north of Iran have been reported to be positive for Toxocara spp. eggs, respectively, using the saturated sucrose flotation method [14, 18–20]. On the contrary, the rates of soil contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs in Hamedan, Abadan, Kermanshah, Iraq, the Philippines, England, Brazil, Lisbon, and New York City have been determined at 29.2%, 11.8%, 18%, 22.2%, 77%, 86.6%, 53%, 38.5%, and 18.3%, respectively [1, 21–28].

Differences in climate, culture, and religious beliefs about pet ownership can affect the rate of soil contamination. Temperature and humidity play a prominent role in the rate of soil contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs. The environmental conditions affect the survival of Toxocara spp. eggs.

The studies in Tehran and Lisbon have demonstrated a rise in eggs inside the soil during spring and autumn [28, 29]. Therefore, in the present study, samples were collected during the spring and autumn. In the current study, there were several limitations, such as dry weather and low rainfall in Zahedan, which were expected to reduce the number of eggs in the soil. It should be mentioned that we overcame this limitation by sampling in the best season and using sensitive molecular methods to detect Toxocara spp. eggs.

It is worth noting that although spring and autumn are the best seasons in Zahedan in terms of temperature, humidity, and rainfall, the rates of soil contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs in Zahedan parks during these specific seasons were low. Areas, such as Zahedan, with low humidity, limited rainfall (compared to average global rainfall), and inhospitable climates, even in these two seasons, exhibited reduced soil contamination, pointing to the effect of climate and weather on the spread of Toxocara spp. eggs. Moreover, low rates of soil contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs have been reported in other regions with a climate similar to Zahedan.

Although the majority of investigations on Toxocara spp. eggs in contaminated soil have focused on microscopic examination as a diagnostic technique, the outcomes of this approach have yielded limited reliability. Due to the fact that T. cati and T. canis eggs are nearly identical in size and shape, the identification of Toxocara spp. is difficult using the microscopic method. Molecular methods, such as PCR-RFLP, PCR sequencing, and PCR using species-specific primers, are appropriate for species identification as a reliable technique. Furthermore, species determination is necessary for adopting control and prevention programs against toxocariasis in humans and animals.

In the present study, Toxocara spp. eggs were detected in 7.9% of the soil from parks and playgrounds in Zahedan using nested PCR. In studies conducted in Shiraz, Ahvaz, Tabriz, Poznan, and Lisbon, microscopic and molecular methods were used; concordantly, all surveys represent additional accuracy of the molecular method [14, 28, 30–32].

In the current study, we were able to report a higher amount of parasites in the soil due to the higher sensitivity of the molecular technique. In this study, all positive samples were T. cati using the Sanger sequencing method. This can be ascribed to the fact that the majority of parks are situated in the center of the city, where cats are more prevalent in the urban setting compared to dogs. In contrast, dogs are predominantly observed on the outskirts of the city. Furthermore, the presence of religious constraints regarding dog ownership had a significant impact on this issue.

In Portugal, 53% of collected soil samples were contaminated with T. cati using a sequencing assay, and no other species were detected. In Shiraz and Lisbon, the rates of contaminated soil by the molecular method were 16% and 53%, respectively, and the most commonly observed species was T. cati using PCR-RFLP [14, 28]. Consistent with our study, in Khouzestan, soil contamination with T. cati (28%) was more prevalent than with T. canis (5.7%). The rates of soil contamination in northwest Iran with T. canis, T. cati, and mixed infection were reported to be 15.5%, 27.2%, and 12.2%, respectively, using the LAMP assay [30, 31].

In the current study, the Sanger sequencing technique enabled us to determine the species and genetic sequence of Toxocara spp. in Zahedan for the first time. Inconsistent with the current study, in Isfahan, the overall rate of contaminated soil was 21.69%, with 12.39% attributed to T. canis and 8.73% to T. cati using the conventional PCR method with two pairs of specific primers for each species [33]. Furthermore, considering the survey performed in England, T. canis was detected in all positive samples using the Sanger sequencing technique [26]. This study’s strengths include using a sensitive molecular method (nested PCR) and sequencing to determine the soil contamination rate and Toxocara species. Also, one of the study’s weak points is the need for more information about the infection rate of dogs and cats with Toxocara spp. in Zahedan. Therefore, to overcome this problem, Toxocara spp. infection in dogs and cats should be investigated.

5. Conclusion

In the current study, a higher rate of soil contamination with Toxocara spp. was observed using the nested PCR method compared to the flotation concentration assay. Therefore, the nested PCR method is more sensitive compared to the flotation method. In addition, only T. cati species were detected in public parks and playgrounds in Zahedan. Therefore, control and prevention programs should be planned against this species in human and animal communities in Zahedan. It is noteworthy that the infection rate of cats and dogs in Zahedan is unknown. Feature molecular and microscopic assays should be conducted on animal stool exams to clarify the Toxocara spp. infection rate in Zahedan.

Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

Disclosure

This research was the subject of the MSc thesis of Mr. Siavash Liravizadeh with ethical code of IR.ZAUMS.REC.1401.201.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the five districts of Zahedan municipality for sample collection and the office of the vice-chancellor for research of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences for financial support.

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