A Review of Ethnomedicinal Plants as Potential Anthelmintic Agents to Alternatively Control Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Ruminants in South Africa

Table 4

Anthelmintic plant species used by South African communal farmers to control ruminant’s gastrointestinal nematodes.

Plant family	Scientific (common) name	Plant part	Preparation	Reference
Apocynaceae	Acokanthera oppositifolia (Bushman’s poison)	Leaves	Boiling	[68]
Apocynaceae	Dichrostachys cinerea (sickle bush)	Leaves	Boiling	[48]
Apocynaceae	Salvadora australis (mustard tree)	Leaves	Boiling	[48]
Agapanthaceae	Agapanthus praecox (African lily)	Leaves	Infusion	[68]
Amaryllidaceae	Crinum macowanii (Cape coast lily)	Leaves	Boiling	[48]
Anacardiaceae	Harpephyllum caffrum (wild plum)	Bark	Boiling	[68]
Apiaceae	Centella coriacea (swamp pennywort)	Bark	Boiling	[68]
Araliaceae	Cussonia spicata (Natal cabbage tree)	Bark	Infusion	[68]
Asphodelaceae	Aloe ferox (bitter aloe)	Leaves	Boiling	[68]
Asphodelaceae	Gasteria bicolor (elephant’s Foot)	Leaves	Infusion	[68]
Asphodelaceae	Bulbine latifolia (broad-leaved bulbine)	Leaves	Boiling	[68]
Asphodelaceae	Bulbine frutescens (cat’s tail)	Whole plant,	Infusion	[68]
Asphodelaceae	Bulbine abyssinica (snake flower)	Leaves	Boiling	[68]
Asphoedelaceae	Aloe arborescens (bitter aloe)	Leaves	Boiling	[68]
Asteraceae	Vernonia neocorymbosa (Vernonia)	Leaves	Boiling	[47]
Bignoniaceae	Kigelia africana (sausage tree)	Leaves	Boiling	[48]
Capparidaceae	Capparis sepiaria (caper bush)	Roots	Infusion	[68]
Euphorbiaceae	Ricinus communis (castor bean)	Leaves	Boiling	[68]
Fabaceae	Elephantorrhiza elephantina (elephant’s root)	Roots	Boiling	[48]
Fabaceae	Schotia latifolia (bush boer bean)	Bark	Boiling	[19, 68]
Fabaceae	Erythrina caffra (coral tree)	Leaves	Boiling	[68]
Geraniaceae	Pelargonium reniforme (Pelargonium)	Tuber	Boiling	[68]
Gunneraceae	Gunnera perpensa (river pumpkin)	Tuber	Boiling	[48]
Hyacinthaceae	Albuca setosa (soldier in the box)	Tuber,	Boiling	[68]
Hypoxidaceae	Hypoxis argentea (yellow stars)	Tuber	Boiling	[19]
Lamiaceae	Teucrium trifidum (Dutchmen’s fever plant)	Leaves	Infusion	[68]
Lamiaceae	Leonotis leonurus (wild dagga)	Leaves	Boiling	[68]
Lamiaceae	Ocotea bullata (black stinkwood)	Bark	Boiling	[68]
Loganiaceae	Strychnos henningsii (red bitter berry)	Bark	Boiling	[68]
Moraceae	Ficus ingens (fig tree)	Leaves	Boiling	[48]
Pittosporaceae	Pittosporum viridiflorum (cheese wood)	Bark	Infusion	[48]
Polygonaceae	Rumex lanceolatus (common dock)	Roots	Boiling	[48]
Ptaeroxylaceae	Ptaeroxylon obliquum (sneeze wood)	Leaves	Boiling	[48]
Rhamnaceae	Ziziphus mucronata (buffalo thorn)	Leaves	Infusion	[68]
Rutaceae	Zanthoxylum capense (small knob wood)	Roots	Boiling	[68]
Sterculiaceae	Hermannia incana (sweet yellow bells)	Whole plant	Boiling	[68]
Thymelaeaceae	Gnidia kraussiana (wellow heads)	Leaves	Boiling	[48]
Tiliaceae	Grewia occidentalis (cross berry)	Bark	Boiling	[68]
Urticaceae	Laportea peduncularis (river nettle)	Leaves	Boiling	[48]