Renin Trajectories and Outcome in Stable Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) on Contemporary Therapy: A Monocentric Study from an Austrian Tertiary Hospital Outpatient Clinic
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of the patient cohort.
Total ()
Renin tertile 1, range: 0.8–42.9 μIU/ml ()
Renin tertile 2, range: 43–339 μIU/ml ()
Renin tertile 3, range: 340–9564 μIU/ml ()
value
Active renin concentration (μIU/ml), median [Q1; Q3]
123 [27.1; 621.0]
14.0 [6.2; 27.1]
124 [82.0; 214.0]
931 [626.0; 1840.0]
—
Basic demographics
Age (years), median [Q1; Q3]
62 [52; 72]
64 [53; 72]
62 [52; 71]
61 [52; 72]
0.508
Gender, male, (%)
390 (77.2%)
114 (67.5%)
136 (81.0%)
140 (83.3%)
<0.001
BMI (kg/m2), median [Q1; Q3]
27.3 [23.9; 31.4]
27.7 [23.6; 32.0]
26.4 [23.9; 30.1]
27.9 [24.8; 31.1]
0.416
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), median [Q1; Q3]
125 [112; 140]
135 [126; 157]
125 [113; 140]
115 [105; 126]
<0.001
Heart rate (bpm), median [Q1; Q3]
71.0 [61.0; 81.0]
70.0 [60.0; 80.0]
72.0 [63.5; 82.0]
70.0 [61.5; 81.0]
0.602
NYHA class
0.872
NYHA I, (%)
64 (12.9%)
22 (13.4%)
22 (13.3%)
20 (12.0%)
NYHA II, (%)
246 (49.7%)
85 (51.8%)
77 (46.7%)
84 (50.6%)
NYHA III/IV, (%)
185 (37.4%)
57 (34.8%)
66 (40.0%)
62 (37.3%)
Comorbidities
Ischemic HF, (%)
277 (54.9%)
81 (47.9%)
95 (56.5%)
101 (60.1%)
0.069
Diabetes mellitus, (%)
185 (36.6%)
57 (33.7%)
66 (39.3%)
62 (36.9%)
0.569
Hypertension, (%)
275 (54.5%)
92 (54.4%)
94 (56.0%)
89 (53.0%)
0.861
Tumor, (%)
67 (13.3%)
26 (15.4%)
17 (10.1%)
24 (14.3%)
0.324
Medication and device therapy
Beta blocker, (%)
467 (94.2%)
154 (94.5%)
158 (94.6%)
155 (93.4%)
0.870
Minimum 50% of TD BB, (%)
364 (80.0%)
122 (78.7%)
126 (80.8%)
116 (80.6%)
0.884
RASi, (%)
0.267
ACEi
238 (47.1%)
74 (43.8%)
87 (51.8%)
77 (45.8%)
ARB
97 (19.2%)
28 (16.6%)
28 (16.7%)
41 (24.4%)
ARNI
110 (21.8%)
40 (23.7%)
35 (20.8%)
35 (20.8%)
Combination ACEi + ARB (based on MRA intolerance)
12 (2.4%)
5 (3.0%)
5 (3.0%)
2 (1.2%)
No RASi
48 (9.5%)
22 (13.1%)
13 (7.7%)
13 (7.7%)
Minimum 50% of TD RASi, (%)
282 (72.5%)
97 (76.4%)
89 (66.9%)
96 (74.4%)
0.194
MRA, (%)
375 (75.6%)
113 (68.9%)
121 (72.9%)
141 (84.9%)
0.002
Minimum 50% of TD MRA, (%)
348 (97.2%)
106 (95.5%)
114 (97.4%)
128 (98.5%)
0.373
SGLT2i, (%)
31 (19.5%)
5 (9.4%)
13 (25.0%)
13 (24.1%)
0.076
Minimum 50% of TD SGLT2i, (%)
17 (65.4%)
3 (60.0%)
7 (70.0%)
7 (63.6%)
0.917
Ivabradin, (%)
37 (10.1%)
6 (4.8%)
16 (13.2%)
15 (12.3%)
0.057
Loop diuretics, (%)
239 (49.4%)
68 (42.0%)
78 (47.6%)
93 (58.9%)
0.009
ICD, (%)
211 (43.1%)
56 (34.4%)
66 (41.3%)
89 (53.6%)
0.002
CRT, (%)
140 (29.3%)
40 (24.7%)
44 (27.7%)
56 (35.7%)
0.085
Laboratory parameters
Plasma aldosterone (pg/ml), median [Q1; Q3]
120 [72; 208]
99.0 [57.0; 158]
115 [72; 176]
160 [90; 288]
<0.001
NT-proBNP (pg/ml), median [Q1; Q3]
1780 [803; 3630]
1890 [878; 3720]
1930 [750; 3880]
1540 [764; 3310]
0.670
Creatinine (mg/dl), median [Q1; Q3]
1.2 [1.0; 1.6]
1.1 [0.9; 1.5]
1.1 [0.9; 1.6]
1.2 [1.0; 1.6]
0.530
BUN (mg/dl), median [Q1; Q3]
22.8 [16.9; 31.8]
20.2 [15.9; 29.2]
21.4 [15.7; 31.1]
25.4 [19.5; 36.4]
<0.001
Sodium (mmol/l), median [Q1; Q3]
140 [138; 142]
141 [139; 142]
140 [138; 142]
138 [136; 140]
<0.001
Potassium (mmol/l), median [Q1; Q3]
4.8 [4.5; 5.1]
4.7 [4.5; 5.0]
4.7 [4.4; 5.0]
4.9 [4.5; 5.3]
<0.001
Magnesium (mmol/l), median [Q1; Q3]
0.81 [0.75; 0.87]
0.81 [0.75; 0.86]
0.81 [0.75; 0.86]
0.83 [0.75; 0.90]
0.217
Albumin (g/l), median [Q1; Q3]
43.9 [41.3; 46.1]
43.4 [41.5; 45.7]
43.7 [41.3; 46.2]
44.4 [41.1; 46.5]
0.302
BChE (kU/l), median [Q1; Q3]
7.1 [5.8; 8.3]
7.0 [5.8; 8.1]
7.1 [6.0; 8.3]
7.2 [5.7; 8.4]
0.550
AST (GOT) (U/l), median [Q1; Q3]
24.0 [19.0; 30.0]
22.0 [19.0; 29.0]
24.0 [19.0; 30.0]
25.0 [20.0; 31.0]
0.767
ALT (GPT) (U/l), median [Q1; Q3]
23.0 [17.0; 32.8]
23.0 [16.0; 33.0]
21.0 [16.0; 31.0]
24.5 [18.0; 34.8]
0.369
GGT (U/l), median [Q1; Q3]
42.0 [24.0; 86.5]
38.0 [22.0; 73.0]
42.0 [24.0; 76.3]
48.0 [27.0; 114]
0.091
Bilirubin (mg/dl), median [Q1; Q3]
0.6 [0.4; 0.8]
0.5 [0.4; 0.7]
0.6 [0.4; 0.8]
0.6 [0.5; 0.9]
<0.001
Total cholesterol (mg/dl), median [Q1; Q3]
159 [126; 191]
173 [136; 196]
154 [121; 189]
154 [123; 182]
0.002
Hemoglobin (g/dl), median [Q1; Q3]
13.6 [12.3; 14.8]
13.6 [12.3; 14.6]
13.5 [12.2; 14.7]
13.8 [12.6; 14.9]
0.139
Thrombocytes (G/l), median [Q1; Q3]
220 [177; 263]
227 [188; 267]
209 [168; 257]
220 [178; 264]
0.345
Leucocyte count (G/l), median [Q1; Q3]
7.6 [6.4; 9.1]
7.4 [6.4; 8.8]
7.5 [6.2; 8.9]
7.9 [6.7; 9.4]
0.345
C-reactive protein (mg/dl), median [Q1; Q3]
0.3 [0.1; 0.7]
0.3 [0.2; 0.7]
0.3 [0.1; 0.7]
0.3 [0.1; 0.7]
0.970
ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; BMI: body mass index; BChE: butyrylcholinesterase; CRT: cardiac resynchronization device; ICD: intracardiac defibrillator; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; SGLT2: sodium-glucose cotransporter-2. Continuous variables are given as median and 25th and 75th percentiles, and counts are given as numbers and percentages. For comparisons between groups, the Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test or Pearson’s chi-squared test was used.
