Renin Trajectories and Outcome in Stable Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) on Contemporary Therapy: A Monocentric Study from an Austrian Tertiary Hospital Outpatient Clinic
Table 3
HF-related baseline characteristics for the renin evolution groups.
Characteristic
Normal-normal ()
Elevated-normal ()
Normal-elevated ()
Elevated-elevated ()
value
Baseline renin (μIU/ml), median [Q1; Q3]
10 [5; 19]
176 [84; 288]
27 [18; 35]
411 [156; 1058]
<0.001
Basic demographics
Age (years), median [Q1; Q3]
65 [55; 74]
62 [57; 73]
56 [44; 70]
61 [51; 70]
0.109
Gender, male, (%)
38 (73%)
23 (79%)
28 (70%)
135 (82%)
0.257
BMI (kg/m2), median [Q1; Q3]
27.3 [24.1; 32.2]
27.8 [24.1; 30.1]
25.9 [23.3; 31.8]
28.1 [24.4; 31.7]
0.818
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), median [Q1; Q3]
148 [135; 170]
124 [115; 136]
130 [120; 145]
120 [110; 131]
<0.001
Heart rate (bpm), median [Q1; Q3]
69 [60; 82]
79 [66; 86]
74 [59; 79]
71 [62; 82]
0.351
NYHA class
0.796
NYHA I, (%)
5 (9.8%)
4 (14%)
5 (12%)
23 (14%)
NYHA II, (%)
25 (49%)
13 (46%)
22 (55%)
83 (51%)
NYHA III/IV, (%)
21 (41%)
11 (39%)
13 (32%)
58 (35%)
Comorbidities
Ischemic HF, (%)
26 (50%)
13 (45%)
19 (48%)
91 (55%)
0.617
Diabetes mellitus, (%)
21 (40%)
15 (52%)
13 (32%)
65 (40%)
0.457
Hypertension, (%)
30 (58%)
15 (52%)
18 (45%)
92 (56%)
0.589
Tumor, (%)
8 (15%)
2 (6.9%)
3 (7.5%)
21 (13%)
0.542
Medical and device therapy
Beta blocker, (%)
51 (98%)
26 (90%)
35 (95%)
155 (96%)
0.319
ACEi, (%)
23 (44%)
17 (59%)
20 (50%)
86 (52%)
0.622
ARB, (%)
13 (25%)
8 (28%)
3 (7.5%)
43 (26%)
0.082
ARNI, (%)
15 (29%)
5 (17%)
11 (28%)
30 (18%)
0.281
MRA, (%)
36 (69%)
24 (83%)
30 (79%)
134 (83%)
0.204
SGLT2i, (%)
0 (0%)
1 (14%)
1 (9.1%)
5 (16%)
0.444
Ivabradin, (%)
4 (11%)
4 (19%)
2 (6.2%)
16 (14%)
0.519
Loop diuretics, (%)
25 (50%)
13 (46%)
15 (39%)
84 (54%)
0.412
ICD, (%)
18 (36%)
11 (38%)
17 (42%)
92 (59%)
0.011
CRT, (%)
14 (28%)
7 (26%)
10 (26%)
54 (36%)
0.450
Laboratory parameters
Plasma aldosterone (pg/ml), median [Q1; Q3]
119 [79; 158]
129 [104; 209]
87 [64; 143]
126 [75; 233]
0.022
NT-proBNP (pg/ml), median [Q1; Q3]
2760 [871; 5365]
1492 [469; 4022]
1841 [1010; 3472]
1764 [834; 3475]
0.289
Creatinine (mg/dl), median [Q1; Q3]
1.3 [1.0; 1.7]
1.3 [1.0; 1.8]
1.1 [0.9; 1.5]
1.1 [1.0; 1.5]
0.131
BUN (mg/dl), median [Q1; Q3]
27 [16; 34]
25 [19; 35]
18 [15; 27]
23 [18; 31]
0.059
Sodium (mmol/l), median [Q1; Q3]
141.0 [138.0; 142.0]
140.0 [137.0; 141.0]
141.0 [139.0; 142.2]
139.0 [137.0; 141.0]
<0.001
Potassium (mmol/l), median [Q1; Q3]
4.7 [4.6; 5.2]
5.2 [4.5; 5.4]
4.8 [4.4; 5.0]
4.8 [4.5; 5.1]
0.086
Magnesium (mmol/l), median [Q1; Q3]
0.81 [0.76; 0.88]
0.77 [0.71; 0.91]
0.80 [0.73; 0.84]
0.82 [0.75; 0.87]
0.472
Albumin (g/l), median [Q1; Q3]
43.8 [42.0; 45.7]
44.2 [39.8; 45.2]
43.4 [41.9; 45.4]
44.2 [42.4; 46.2]
0.672
BChE (kU/l), median [Q1; Q3]
7.3 [5.8; 8.1]
7.4 [6.0; 8.9]
6.7 [5.6; 8.4]
7.4 [5.8; 8.5]
0.768
Hemoglobin (g/dl), median [Q1; Q3]
13.5 [12.3; 15.0]
14.5 [12.9; 14.8]
13.6 [12.3; 14.5]
13.7 [12.6; 14.9]
0.334
C-reactive protein (mg/dl), median [Q1; Q3]
0.29 [0.16; 0.68]
0.28 [0.11; 0.59]
0.45 [0.16; 0.66]
0.27 [0.14; 0.64]
0.526
ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; BMI: body mass index; BChE: butyrylcholinesterase; CRT: cardiac resynchronization device; ICD: intracardiac defibrillator; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; SGLT2: sodium-glucose cotransporter-2. Continuous variables are given as median and 25th and 75th percentiles, and counts are given as numbers and percentages. For comparisons between groups, the Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test or Pearson’s Chi-squared test was used.
