Single Nucleotide Variants (SNVs) of Angiotensin-Converting Enzymes (ACE1 and ACE2): A Plausible Explanation for the Global Variation in COVID-19 Prevalence

Table 1

Regional prevalence of the ACE1 genotypes and COVID-19 cases by end of June 2022.

Study	Region/countries	Genotype frequency (%)			COVID-19 cases	Risk estimate	Symmetric measures
		DD	DI	II		OR	R	rs	95% CI
	Africa
Atadzhanov et al. [32]	Zambia	5	19.2	77.6	324334
Aung et al. [33]	Nigeria	41.8	46.2	12	256573
	Egypt	40	55.2	4.8	514047
Aung et al. [33]; Said et al. [34]	Tunisia	55.35	31.75	12.9	1046703
Aung et al. [33]; Collins et al. [35]	South Africa	36.9	48.2	14.9	3986892		-0.245	0.200	0.449-1.000
	America
Goodman et al. [36]; Lindpaintner et al. [37]; Lynch et al. [38]; Schürks et al. [39]	USA	32.04	46.76	21.22	86118591
Alves et al. [40]; Marson et al. [41]	Brazil	36	45.85	18.15	32130316	NA	NA	NA	NA
	Europe
Bellone & Calvisi [27]	All	30	49	21	22734709
Livshits et al. [28]	Ukraine	31	51	18	5017038
Aladag et al. [42]	Turkey	40.2	52.7	7.1	1509670
Jacobs et al. [43]	Belgium	28.4	62.7	9	4225222
Hubacek et al. [44]	Czech Republic	24.2	51.7	24.1	3096585
	Spain	34	50	16	12734038
Eleni et al. [30]; Gialeraki et al. [45]	Greece	37.7	49.3	13	3644889
Rigoli et al. [46]; Yamamoto et al. [31]	Italy	33.4	50.0	16.6	18343422	0.79	0.418	0.405	0.284-0.307
	Asia
Pati et al. [29]	China	15.3	46.3	38.4	4686464
	Mongolia	8	50	42	928586
	United Arab Emirates	74.5	39.6	14.2	942253
	Nepal	12.6	43.5	43.9	979658
	Bahrain	40.2	44.3	15.5	622261
	Lebanon	49.1	41.0	9.9	1108965
Ahluwalia et al. [47]; Yamamoto et al. [31]	India	23.2	41.9	34.85	43433345	0.66	0.225	0.00	0.913-0.924

OR is the odds ratio, is Pearson’s value of association (Monte Carlo Sig. 95% CI), and rs is Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient value of the linear relationship. DD, II, and DI are the homozygous deletion/deletion, insertion/insertion, and heterozygous deletion/insertion genotypes of ACE1.