Journal of Renewable Energy

Review Article

Impact of Rooftop Photovoltaics on the Distribution System

Table 1

Topics covered by various review publications on the impacts of RES on the grid.
Source[26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][24][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][21][22][50][23][51][52]
Impact on the gridVoltage rise/voltage support√√√√√√√√√√√√√√  √√√√√√ √√  √√ √
Voltage fluctuations/flicker√√√√√√√ √ √√√√√ √√ √√√ √√ √ √√√
Voltage imbalance√ √√√√    √ √√   √ √√√  √   √√√
Tap operations: VRs and OLTC√√√√√√ √  √   √ √√ √√√        √
System losses √√√ √√√√ √√ √√√√√ √√√      √√ 
Protection/short circuit/faultanalysis √√ √√ √√ √ √√√ √  √    √  √√  
Voltage sag/swell√√      √  √√√   √ √√        √ 
Overloading/congestion/reverse power flow √√√ √√  √√√   √√  √√√ √√  √√√√
Islanding √√√ √ √√       √  √√√  √  √ √ 
Reliability  √   √    √  √√√  √ √ √√√ √   
Security        √  √         √  √√ √   
Harmonics/DC offset √√√√√√√√ √√√√√ √  √ √ √√ √√√√ 
Stability√√√√√√√√√√ √√√√  √√√√ √√   √√√ 
Electric devices: transformers, lines, etc.  √√      √          √       √√
Peak load shaving  √  √  √ √             √  √   
Economic analysis/electricity market      √  √√√ √ √      √√√      
Grid frequency √√ √   √√ √ √    √√√ √√√  √ √ 
Environment      √ √ √√ √ √        √  √   
Planning and expansion/energy savings/maximum penetration√√√ √√√√  √√    √          √   
Scope of reviewDistribution level√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√  √√√
Transmission level  √ √ √ √  √√√√√√ √   √√√ √√√√√
Defining indices for quantifying the impacts of RES √   √√                  √√    
Only PV√√√√√√  √√√      √√  √√  √   √√
Distinguish between different PV scales (i.e. rooftop vs. PV plants)  √√      √              √√√   
Mitigating techniquesPV reactive power√√√√√√ √√√√    √ √√√√√√    √√√√
PV power curtailment √       √       √√√ √     √√ √
VRs and OLTC√      √ √√         √√     √√√√
Energy storage/UPS√ √ √√  √   √    √ √√√√    √√√√
Capacitor banks√      √√ √ √      √√√     √√ √
Controller design/network management√     √√√√√√√ √√√ √√√√ √ √ √√√√
Demand response    √               √√         
SVC       √  √        √√√      √ √
Filters for harmonics    √   √     √    √ √      √√√
MPPT        √             √       √
UPFC/SSSC√                  √         √ 
Network reconfiguration/DG allocation/grounding modification√  √  √√  √    √√  √√       √ √
DSTATCOM or STATCOM√      √  √        √ √      √√√
Voltage restorers/DVR√                  √ √        √
System monitoring/forecasting  √√√ √√√√√ √ √√√√√√ √       √ 
MiscellaneousPolicy and standards    √   √       √ √√√√√   √√   
Installed capacity√ √√  √  √√         √√√    √  √
Concept Of RES/definition of DG   √  √    √      √√   √√√√√   
Case study is included   √      √√           √   √   
Benefits of DGs, connection between RES and markets     √  √  √            √      
Historical perspective/future perspective√  √√    √√       √         √  
Discussion of software computational tools                   √           
Cloud pattern                 √