|
| Technology | Advantages | Disadvantages | Ref |
|
| Flywheel | (i) High efficiency round-trip | (i) Limited capacity | [267] |
|
| Bio-inspired batteries | (i) Sustainable materials | (i) Low energy density | [268] |
|
| Moringa paste batteries | (i) Low cost | (i) Short lifespan | [183] |
| (ii) Locally available |
|
| Vegetable antioxidants batteries | (i) Biodegradable | (i) Low power density | [188] |
| (ii) Low cost |
|
| Quinone biofuel cells | (i) High power density | (i) Limited stability | [269] |
| (ii) Renewable fuel | (ii) Complex design |
|
| Organic solvent flow batteries | (i) High scalability | (i) Flammable solvents | [270] |
| (ii) Fast charging | (ii) Safety concerns |
|
| Ionic liquid flow batteries | (i) Nonflammable | (i) High cost | [271] |
| (ii) Wider operating temperature | (ii) Limited research |
|
| Hybrid Zn-Fe flow cells | (i) Dendrite-free | (i) Lower energy density | [272] |
| (ii) Long lifespan |
|
| Organic-aluminum cells | (i) Nontoxic | (i) Low power density | [273] |
| (ii) Abundant materials | (ii) Early-stage research |
|
| Photo-supercapacitor | (i) Self-charging with light | (i) Limited capacity | [274] |
| (ii) Complex design |
|
| Keratin-based supercapacitor | (i) Flexible | (i) Low energy density | [121] |
| (ii) Sustainable Materials | (ii) Early-stage research |
|
| Hydrogel supercapacitor | (i) Flexible, self-healing | (i) Lower energy density, limited research | [275] |
|
| Nickel lanthanum telluride supercapacitor | (i) High energy density, flexible | (i) Complex fabrication | [276] |
| (ii) Limited research |
|
| Electrolyte-based supercapacitors | (i) Tailored properties | (i) Complex design | [277] |
| (ii) High performance | (ii) Limited commercialization |
|
| Supercapacitors | (i) Fast charging/discharging | (i) Low energy density compared to batteries | [237] |
| (ii) Long lifespan |
|
| Superconducting magnetic | (i) High efficiency | (i) High cost | [278] |
| (ii) Large capacity | (ii) Complex infrastructure |
|
| Compressed air | (i) Mature technology | (i) Location dependent | [279] |
| (ii) Large-scale storage | (ii) Environmental degradation |
|
| Lithium-ion batteries | (i) High energy density | (i) Limited lifespan and safety concerns | [280] |
| (ii) Mature technology | (ii) Resource limitations |
|
| Thin film solid-state batteries | (i) Comparatively Safe | (i) Early-stage research | [281] |
| (ii) High energy density compared to Li-ion | (ii) Limited commercialization |
|
