Thermal Expansion Measurements in Fresh and Saline Ice Using Fiber Optic Strain Gauges and Multipoint Temperature Sensors Based on Bragg Gratings

Figure 5

Schematic of experimental configurations: unconstrained ice sample (a); toroidal ice sample constrained by external steel pipe and free to expand into central cavity (b); toroidal ice sample constrained by external and internal steel pipes (c).

(a)

(b)

(c)