Research Article

Design of Nonlinear Active Disturbance Rejection Controller Based on the Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for the Maglev Train Traction Control System

Table 5

Comparison data of different controllers in terms of error indices and control signal energy.

ControllersIAEITAEISEITSE

PID7.10094870.06380.3818218.588125.1076
NLADRC2.62322081.28750.108366.512017.1547
PSO-NLADRC0.8839732.93570.00766.43298.0080
APSO-NLADRC0.2508199.88580.00040.34552.0083