A Digital Lock-in Amplifier Based on Adaptive Kalman Filter for Rail Defect Detection

<table class="table-group" id="tab2"><tr><td><table class="table"><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="3"><hr/></td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_left">ID</td><td class="align_center">Type</td><td class="align_center">Depth or diameter (mm)</td></tr><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="3"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">#1</td><td class="align_center">Narrow gap</td><td class="align_center">1</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">#2</td><td class="align_center">Narrow gap</td><td class="align_center">2</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">#3</td><td class="align_center">Narrow gap</td><td class="align_center">3</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">#4</td><td class="align_center">Circular pit</td><td class="align_center">2</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">#5</td><td class="align_center">Circular pit</td><td class="align_center">5</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="3"><hr class="tbody-hr"/></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

<div>Parameters of five cases for detection.</div>

Journal of Sensors

tab2

Table 2

Table 2: A Digital Lock-in Amplifier Based on Adaptive Kalman Filter for Rail Defect Detection 