Chemical Changes of Enamel Produced by Sodium Fluoride, Hydroxyapatite, Er:YAG Laser, and Combined Treatments

Table 2

Atomic percentages (at%) of C, O, Cl, and F of the permanent tooth enamel surface analyzed before treatment and after treatment by EDS (mean-standard deviation).

Group

C

O

Cl

F

BT

AT

BT

AT

BT

AT

BT

AT

BT

AT

BT

AT

BT

AT

BT

AT

NaF

29.81 ± 4.77

46.38 ± 1.67

S

A

A

54.58 ± 5.58

45.84 ± 1.88

S

A

A

0.17 ± 0.03

0.06 ± 0.03

S

A

A

0.46 ± 0.64

2.71 ± 1.41

S

A

A

HA-NaF-X

34.27 ± 8.52

31.94 ± 8.58

NS

A

B

51.35 ± 6.28

53.86 ± 7.28

NS

A

A, B

0.13 ± 0.06

0.14 ± 0.05

NS

A

B

0.29 ± 0.26

0.33 ± 0.34

NS

A

B

L

36.63 ± 8.64

20.37 ± 2.80

S

A

C

50.52 ± 8.12

53.82 ± 3.24

NS

A

B

0.12 ± 0.04

0.27 ± 0.05

S

A

C

0.23 ± 0.31

0. 32 ± 0.32

NS

A

B

L + NaF

31.61 ± 5.18

17.81 ± 4.77

S

A

C

54.25 ± 4.56

39.30 ± 4.04

S

A

E

0.15 ± 0.07

0.39 ± 0.09

S

A

D

0.36 ± 0.48

0.09 ± 0.10

S

A

B

L + HA-NaF-X

35.66 ± 7.78

18.58 ± 4.59

S

A

C

50.46 ± 5.20

50.60 ± 6.80

NS

A

A, B

0.14 ± 0.04

0.32 ± 0.09

S

A

C, D

0.20 ± 0.30

0.10 ± 0.14

NS

A

B

BT: before treatment; AT: after treatment; S: significant difference; NS: no significant difference. Element comparison by group before and after treatment. Capital letters in a column compare between values of different groups before and after treatment. First column: before treatment; second column: after treatment. The same capital letters mean that they do not differ statistically.