Aluminum-Induced Entropy in Biological Systems: Implications for Neurological Disease

Table 4

Summary comparisons of chaotropic versus kosmotropic ions.

Chaotropes (water-structure breakers)	Kosmotropes (water-structure makers)
Typically larger radius, singly charged ions with low charge density	Typically small radius, often multiply charged ions with high charge density
Interact more weakly with waters than water molecules interact with each other	Interact more strongly with waters than water molecules interact with each other
Interfere little with hydrogen bonds of the surrounding waters	Capable of weakening and breaking hydrogen bonds of the surrounding waters
Decrease surface tension	Increase surface tension
Reduce viscosity	Increase viscosity
Increase nonpolar solubility	Decrease nonpolar solubility
Unfold proteins	Stabilize proteins
Destabilize hydrophobic aggregates	Stabilize hydrophobic aggregates and bonding
Increase solubility of hydrophobic solutes	Reduce solubility of hydrophobic solutes
Salt in proteins	Salt out proteins
Net positive entropy of ion solvation	Net negative entropy of ion solvation