Evaluating the Toxicity and Histological Effects of Al₂O₃ Nanoparticles on Bone Tissue in Animal Model: A Case-Control Study

Table 1

Comparison of mean of bone density (g/cm²) among all groups (ANOVA test) and control and other groups (Tukey’s test).

Groups	Mean ± SD (g/cm^2)	value	Mean ± SD (g/cm^2)	value
	Left foot		Right foot
1	0.1521 ± 0.002		0.1489 ± 0.003
2	0.1554 ± 0.003	0.988	0.1510 ± 0.003	0.995
3	0.1498 ± 0.001	0.996	0.1485 ± 0.002	0.968
4	0.1387 ± 0.002	0.651	0.1396 ± 0.002	0.689
5	0.1388 ± 0.003	0.668	0.1389 ± 0.002	0.684
6	0.1221 ± 0.001	0.048	0.1232 ± 0.001	0.046
7	0.1159 ± 0.002	0.032	0.1029 ± 0.001	0.016
8	0.1012 ± 0.002	0.021	0.098 ± 0.003	0.009
value	0.036		0.024

Group definition: 1, control; 2, injection control; 3, treated with 0.5 ml Al₂O₃ nanoparticles (25 µg/ml); 4, treated with 0.5 ml Al₂O₃ nanoparticles (50 µg/ml); 5, treated with 0.5 ml Al₂O₃ nanoparticles (100 µg/ml); 6, treated with 0.5 ml Al₂O₃ nanoparticles (250 µg/ml); 7, treated with 0.5 ml Al₂O₃ nanoparticles (500 µg/ml); and 8, treated with 0.5 ml Al₂O₃ nanoparticles (1000 µg/ml).