Toxicity of Glycyl-l-Prolyl-l-Glutamate Pseudotripeptides: Cytotoxic, Oxidative, Genotoxic, and Embryotoxic Perspectives

Table 1

The effects of GPE and novel GPE analogs on TAC level (as mmol Trolox Equiv./L) in cultured PHWB cells. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences ().

Groups	TAC level
Untreated cells	4.22 ± 0.78^a
Ascorbic acid	17.25 ± 2.32^e
GPE
0.1 μM	4.41 ± 0.53^a
1 μM	5.09 ± 0.51^a
10 μM	7.66 ± 0.81^b
25 μM	9.14 ± 1.14^c
50 μM	10.06 ± 1.08^c
100 μM	11.91 ± 1.37^c
GPE1
0.1 μM	4.12 ± 0.50^a
1 μM	4.35 ± 0.58^a
10 μM	4.86 ± 0.47^a
25 μM	6.14 ± 0.62^b
50 μM	7.90 ± 0.74^c
100 μM	10.45 ± 1.11^c
GPE2
0.1 μM	4.12 ± 0.43^a
1 μM	4.86 ± 0.54^a
10 μM	6.77 ± 0.61^bc
25 μM	9.18 ± 1.08^c
50 μM	10.90 ± 1.25^c
100 μM	11.75 ± 1.41^c
GPE3
0.1 μM	4.96 ± 0.38^a
1 μM	5.77 ± 0.51^ab
10 μM	8.52 ± 0.79^c
25 μM	10.55 ± 1.06^c
50 μM	14.30 ± 2.43^d
100 μM	16.78 ± 2.29^e