Toxicological Assessments of a Proprietary Blend of Punica granatum Fruit Rind and Theobroma cacao Seed Extracts: Acute, Subchronic, and Genetic Toxicity Studies
Table 4
Effect of 90-day oral administration of LN18178 on clinical biochemistry parameters of male and female Wistar rats.
Parameters
Sex
LN18178 dose (mg/kg·BW)
Main groups
Reversal groups
0
625
1250
2500
0
2500
ALP (U/L)
M
85.5 ± 15.01
89.4 ± 22.15
81.4 ± 17.32
83.9 ± 17.62
88.4 ± 19.97
76.8 ± 9.5
F
43.3 ± 8.65
45.1 ± 6.64
46.7 ± 8.83
45.1 ± 13.8
38 ± 13.08
39.4 ± 14.29
ALT (U/L)
M
62 ± 11.84
61.9 ± 8.94
57.8 ± 14.44
48.6 ± 11.43
56.4 ± 2.7
59.8 ± 6.14
F
51.5 ± 7.82
50.1 ± 6.17
41.5 ± 10.06
52 ± 23.49
60.2 ± 6.83
55.6 ± 5.77
AST (U/L)
M
120.5 ± 22.8
108.3 ± 16.66
113.2 ± 26.2
108.9 ± 14.84
108 ± 13.25
109.2 ± 11.69
F
102.8 ± 20.8
103.8 ± 21.4
93.3 ± 22.8
106.1 ± 15.02
111.6 ± 12.6
110.8 ± 16.9
T.Bil (mg/dL)
M
0.17 ± 0.16
0.13 ± 0.05
0.14 ± 0.05
0.18 ± 0.13
0.1 ± 0
0.1 ± 0
F
0.13 ± 0.05
0.1 ± 0
0.12 ± 0.04
0.13 ± 0.05
0.1 ± 0
0.1 ± 0
BUN (mg/dL)
M
22.7 ± 3.47
23.7 ± 3.65
23.5 ± 4.35
21.7 ± 5.17
22 ± 2.45
20 ± 2.12
F
21.9 ± 1.29
21.1 ± 2.28
20.5 ± 1.72
21.1 ± 3.78
20.8 ± 3.56
22.2 ± 1.3
Calcium (mg/dL)
M
9.16 ± 0.3
9.26 ± 0.22
9.66 ± 0.38
9.5 ± 0.41
10.06 ± 0.19
9.86 ± 0.17
F
9.08 ± 0.26
9.33 ± 0.21
9.38 ± 0.63
9.25 ± 0.56
9.9 ± 0.51
9.94 ± 0.6
T.Chol (mg/dL)
M
53.7 ± 6.6
52.3 ± 8.03
52.1 ± 10.59
51.4 ± 9.94
49 ± 7.58
46.8 ± 7.05
F
37.2 ± 6.2
41.8 ± 8.19
36.4 ± 6.4
40.5 ± 8.3
41.4 ± 4.28
38 ± 9.43
Creatinine (mg/dL)
M
0.52 ± 0.04
0.52 ± 0.04
0.5 ± 0.04
0.51 ± 0.03
0.53 ± 0.02
0.49 ± 0.03
F
0.57 ± 0.05
0.57 ± 0.03
0.56 ± 0.06
0.56 ± 0.05
0.56 ± 0.04
0.59 ± 0.04
Glucose (mg/dL)
M
113.7 ± 15.78
107 ± 9.45
114.6 ± 13.52
109.6 ± 15.75
101.6 ± 23.37
105.4 ± 24.81
F
99.8 ± 17.14
94.2 ± 17.46
91.8 ± 18.41
94.4 ± 18.01
102 ± 11.6
95.8 ± 22.49
HDL (mg/dL)
M
50.6 ± 6.7
57.3 ± 9.99
58.3 ± 10.52
54.4 ± 9.96
46.8 ± 6.83
47.6 ± 8.32
F
44.1 ± 7.31
48.5 ± 8.73
45.8 ± 6.55
45.3 ± 6.13
44.4 ± 5.86
42 ± 9.67
LDL (mg/dL)
M
16.2 ± 2.97
16.7 ± 2.91
16.7 ± 3.68
17.6 ± 3.44
33.6 ± 4.22
33.2 ± 2.49
F
9 ± 2.54
9.3 ± 1.06
9.2 ± 1.93
9 ± 2.62
27.2 ± 1.3
29.4 ± 2.51
Phosphorus (mg/dL)
M
5.43 ± 0.53
5.16 ± 0.38
5.4 ± 0.56
5.43 ± 0.49
5.22 ± 0.36
4.7 ± 0.19
F
3.98 ± 0.44
4.49 ± 0.52
4.4 ± 0.41
4.17 ± 0.53
3.96 ± 0.63
4.44 ± 0.99
TP (g/dL)
M
6.02 ± 0.26
6.17 ± 0.27
6.26 ± 0.32
6.16 ± 0.29
6.24 ± 0.36
6.32 ± 0.48
F
6.2 ± 0.54
6.18 ± 0.35
5.94 ± 0.35
6.23 ± 0.55
6.48 ± 0.27
6.5 ± 0.38
Triglyceride (mg/dL)
M
100.5 ± 35.77
108.9 ± 46.44
105.5 ± 29.11
100.7 ± 27.6
98 ± 40.24
101.6 ± 23.2
F
64.3 ± 17.45
66.8 ± 34.06
65.9 ± 28.18
68.4 ± 24.36
82.4 ± 29.48
78.8 ± 20.79
Urea (mg/dL)
M
48 ± 8.52
51 ± 8.62
49.9 ± 9.89
46.6 ± 11.61
46.2 ± 4.87
42.2 ± 4.87
F
46.9 ± 5.4
45.2 ± 4.69
44 ± 4.67
44.3 ± 8.68
44.2 ± 6.94
47.6 ± 2.61
Sodium (mmoL/L)
M
139.3 ± 1.35
140.22 ± 1.57
139.86 ± 1.37
138.68 ± 1.45
138.56 ± 0.94
139.46 ± 0.62
F
138.61 ± 0.24
138.32 ± 1.2
137.74 ± 1.07
139.14 ± 1.78
139.72 ± 1.19
139.54 ± 1.12
Potassium (mmoL/L)
M
4.55 ± 0.26
4.41 ± 0.31
4.36 ± 0.3
4.62 ± 0.38
4.14 ± 0.13
4.34 ± 0.29
F
4.09 ± 0.3
4.18 ± 0.15
3.94 ± 0.28
4.15 ± 0.3
4.19 ± 0.24
4.09 ± 0.22
Chloride (mmoL/L)
M
108.45 ± 1.3
107.8 ± 1.41
107.98 ± 0.96
109.1 ± 1.15
106.4 ± 0.94
107.06 ± 0.83
F
109.07 ± 0.97
109.28 ± 0.95
108.67 ± .07
108.28 ± 1.25
107.12 ± 0.64
107.84 ± 0.94
Data are presented as mean ± SD; indicates significant changes () compared with the control group. ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; HDL, high-density lipoproteins; LDL, low-density lipoproteins; T.Bil, total bilirubin; TP, total protein, T.Chol, total cholesterol.
