Toxicity Analysis of Hybrid Nanodiamond/Fe₃O₄ Nanoparticles on Allium cepa L

Table 4

mitotic index and percent phase indices of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase stages in Allium cepa root exposed to Fe₃O₄, cND, and cND-Fe₃O₄.

Concentrations (μg mL^−1L)	Nanoparticles	Mitotic index (mean ± SE)	Prophase (%)	Metaphase (%)	Anaphase (%)	Telophase (%)
Control	—	71.3 ± 2.2	62.3	4.03	2.4	3.7
5	Fe3O4	58.07 ± 1.7^a	54.2	3.5	2.0	3.1
	cND	68.3 ± 2.0^b	59.0	3.9	2.1	3.5
	cND-Fe3O4	67.5 ± 2.0^bc	58.7	3.6	2.4	3.7
10	Fe3O4	37.8 ± 1.2^a	43.8	3.0	1.7	2.7
	cND	65.7 ± 1.9^ab	55.3	3.3	2.04	2.9
	cND-Fe3O4	63.8 ± 1.9^ab	56.1	2.8	2.3	3.04
20	Fe3O4	28.6 ± 0.8^a	32.6	1.7	1.77	2.5
	cND	59.0 ± 1.7^ab	51.8	2.8	2.1	2.8
	cND-Fe3O4	51.7 ± 1.5^ab	44.07	3.05	1.2	3.2

(n = 3). Significant variations within the same concentrations are aVs. control; bVs.Co; cVs.cND. Footnote: the mitotic index and percent phase indices of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase stages in Allium cepa root meristematic cells were exposed to various concentrations of cobalt oxide (Fe₃O₄), carboxylated nanodiamond (cND), and cND-Fe₃O₄. 1000 cells were scored per treatment group.