Toxicity Analysis of Hybrid Nanodiamond/Fe₃O₄ Nanoparticles on Allium cepa L

Table 5

Quantitative measurements of occurrences of various chromosomal aberrations noticed in Allium cepa root exposed to Fe₃O₄, cND, and cND-Fe₃O₄.

Concentrations (μg mL^−1L)	Nanoparticles	Chromosomal breaks (%)	Chromosomal bridges (%)	Sticky chromosomes (%)	Laggard chromosomes (%)	Disturbed anaphase/metaphase (%)
Control	—	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0
5	Fe3O4	35.5 ± 2.5	41.2 ± 2.8	26.7 ± 1.8	8.8 ± 0.6	7.4 ± 0.5
	cND	3.2 ± 0.2^a	4.6 ± 0.3^a	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	1.3 ± 0.1^a
	cND-Fe3O4	8.5 ± 0.6^abc	14.3 ± 1.0^abc	4.4 ± 0.3^abc	0 ± 0	3.7 ± 0.3^abc
10	Fe3O4	44.7 ± 3.1	57.7 ± 4.0	33.7 ± 2.3	14.5 ± 1.0	13.5 ± 0.9
	cND	5.5 ± 0.4^a	6.6 ± 0.4^a	1.4 ± 0.1^a	1.3 ± 0.1^a	3.5 ± 0.3^a
	cND-Fe3O4	17.3 ± 1.2^abc	21.4 ± 1.5^abc	5.7 ± 0.4^abc	3.5 ± 0.2^abc	6.0 ± 0.4^abc
20	Fe3O4	58.8 ± 4.1	69.4 ± 4.8	47.9 ± 3.3	21.4 ± 1.5	20.5 ± 1.4
	cND	7.1 ± 0.5^ab	8.5 ± 0.6^a	2.6 ± 0.2^a	4.0 ± 0.3^a	5.3 ± 0.4^a
	cND-Fe3O4	26.4 ± 1.8^abc	27.8 ± 2.0^abc	11.5 ± 0.8^abc	16.6 ± 1.2^abc	9.7 ± 0.7^abc

(n = 3). The significant variance is shown within the same concentration: aVs. control; bVs.Co; cVs.cND.