Evaluating the Impact of Commonly Used Pesticides on Honeybees (Apis mellifera) in North Gonder of Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Table 1

Description of tested pesticides as calculated from prescribed dilution rate of each pesticide.

Trade name	Common name	Manufacturers of each pesticide	Recommended concentration	Manufacturer-based oral LD50	Pesticide category
Diazol 60% EC	Diazinon60% EC	Adama Makhteshim Ltd, Israel	0.5 ml/50 mlH2O	1.44 mg/kg for mallard duck	Insecticide
Thionex 35% EC	Endosulfan 35% EC	Seo Han chemical Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea	0.5 ml/50 mlH2O	31–243 mg/kg for bird spp. 30 mg/kg rat	Insecticide
Malathion 50% EC	Malathion	Cheminova AS, Denmark	0.5 ml/50mlH2O	0.38 μg/bee	Insecticide
Chlorsulfuron 75% WG	Slean 75% WG	Sino agrochemical industry ltd, China	0.1 gm/2500 mlH2O	>2,000 mg/kg for rat	Herbicide
2,4-D amine 720 g/l A.E	2,4-D 720 g/l AE	Ajn agrochoice Co. Ltd-Tanzania	0.5 ml/80 mlH2O	>100 μg/bee	Herbicide
Glycel 41% EC	Glyphosate 360 G/L SL	Excel industries limited India	0.5 ml/31.25 mlH2O	>100 μg/bee	Herbicide
Unizeb 80% WP	Mancozeb 80% WP	Unifarma (Bangladesh) industries	1 gm/500 mlH2O	85.3 μg/bee	Fungicide
Agrothoate 40% EC	Dimethoate 40% EC	Asiatic agricultural industries, Singapore	0.125 ml/37.5 mlH2O	0.10–0.35 μg/bee	Insecticide
Glycel 41% EC + 2,4-D amine 720 g/l	Mixture of glycel 41% and 2,4-D amine 720 g/l	Local mixture	0.5 ml (0.25 ml glycel and 0.25 ml 2,4-D)/100 mlH2O	N/A	Herbicide

Note. :illegally introduced herbicide; : standard toxic chemicals used as control; : mixture used by local farmers.
LD₅₀ indicates the dose of formulated pesticides per unit body weight of an animal and is expressed as milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) (source: https://wsdot.wa.gov/sites/default/files/2021-10/Herbicides-factsheet-Chlorsulfuron).