Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil and Vegetation of Niger Delta, Nigeria: Ecological Risk Assessment

Table 2

PAH concentration in soil samples from different countries, μg·kg⁻¹ dry weight.

Soils	Region/area	No. of PAH	Range	Mean	Reference
Forest soil	North Bavaria	20		666	Krauss et al. [47]
Switzerland	Arabic soils	16	60–145	66	Bucheli et al. [48]
Agricultural soils	Korea	16		158	Nam et al. [49]
Agricultural soils	Shantou China	16	22–1256	318	Hoa et al. [50]
Urban agricultural soil	Bayreuth	20	280–2200	640	Krauss and Wilcke [51]
Urban soils	New Orleans	16		3700	Mielke et al. [52]
Indira Gandhi International Airport soil	India	12	2394–7529	4430 ± 1450	Ray et al. [53]
Military airfield soils	Poland	16	249–5657	—	Baran et al. [54]
West Macedonia lignite-fired power plants	Greece	16	55.2–495	—	Stalikas et al. [55]
Linz industrial area	Austria	18		1450	Weiss et al. [56]
Tianjin industrial area	China	16	818.2 ± 796.2	—	Wang et al. [57]
Novi Sad oil refinery (after Kosovo War)	Serbia and Montenegro	16	47870	—	Škrbic´ and Miljevic´ [58]
Kohtla-Jarve oil shale thermal treatment, industry, power station, and traffic	Estonia	18	12390 ± 9810	—	Trapido [59]
50 m from an oil refinery (Zelzatz)	Belgium	7	300,000	—	Bakker et al. [60]
1.3–4.2 km from an oil refinery	Belgium	7	3000–14000	—	Bakker et al. [60]
Coal mine soil	Huaibei and Huainan China	16	130–3540	840	Wang et al. [61]
Industrial areas soil	Yangtze River Delta, China	16	189.5–1070.4	471.30	Wang et al. [16]
Soils around a chemical plant	Shanxi, China	16	3870–76000.0	12600	Jiao et al. [62]
Forest fires soil	South Korea	16	—	1.570	Kim et al. [63]
Rural, urban, and industrial soils	Estonia	16	50−22	—	Trapido [59]
Urban soil	USA (Miami, Florida)	16	251–2364	—	Banger et al. [64]
Mangrove fresh soil	Nigeria (Lagos)	16	65.5–188.0	—	Sojinu et al. [65]
Floodplain soil	Nigeria (Niger Delta)	16	812–10700	—	Tesi et al. [66]
Urban soils	Nigeria (Niger Delta)	16	182–433	—	Abbas and Brack [67]
Soil vicinity oil installation	Nigeria (Niger Delta)	16	24–120	—	Sojinu et al. [68]
Urban soils	Nigeria (Niger Delta)	16	188–684	—	Iwegbue et al. [69]
Agricultural soil	Nigeria (Choba, Niger Delta)	16	—	7417	This study
Agricultural soil	Nigeria (Eleme, Niger Delta)	16	—	6787	This study
Agricultural soil	Nigeria (Khana, Niger Delta)	16	—	6325	This study
Agricultural soil	Nigeria (Trans-Amadi, Niger Delta)	16	—	7972	This study
Agricultural soil	Nigeria (Uyo, Niger Delta)	16	—	8799	This study
Agricultural soil	Nigeria (Yenagoa, Niger Delta)	16	—	7394	This study