Applied Electric Fields Polarize Initiation and Growth of Endothelial Sprouts

Table 1

Summary of primary sprout number.

Average field strength (mV/mm)	Primary sprout number per channel (mean ± s.d.)
DC control 0	629 ± 271 (n = 16)
DC 50	912 ± 291 (n = 3)^†
DC 155	536 ± 270 (n = 10)^†††
DC 360 (open channels)	819 ± 592 (n = 6)^†††
DC 360 (closed channels)	706 ± 234 (n = 4)^†††
Alternating control 0	750 ± 85 (n = 3)
Alternating (±360) 0	844 ± 53 (n = 3)^††
Pulsed control 0	959 ± 111 (n = 6)
Pulsed 51.4	1206 ± 548 (n = 3)^††
Pulsed 180	1154 ± 115 (n = 3)^†††

(^†, ^††, and ^†††).