Elevated Dengue Virus Nonstructural Protein 1 Serum Levels and Altered Toll-Like Receptor 4 Expression, Nitric Oxide, and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Production in Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Patients

Figure 5

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production (pg/mL) by 1 × 10⁶ peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from dengue infected patients () during the acute phase of the disease presenting low (NS1 < 100 × 10³ BRU/mL) and high (NS1 ≥ 100 × 10³ BRU/mL) NS1 serum levels. PBMCs were not stimulated (NS) or stimulated for 18 hours with 10 μg/mL of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TNF-α production measured by ELISA. Results were expressed as median using a box plot. Equivalent symbols () represent statistically significant differences () between groups.